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WAN Troubleshooting Guide

by Priscilla Oppenheimer

Introduction

The goal of this Tutorial is to help enterprise network engineers troubleshoot typical problems that occur on Wide Area Networks (WANs) that use Cisco routers. Another goal is to help Cisco certification candidates, in particular candidates for the Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) and Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certifications.

To achieve CCNP status, you must pass several tests. This Tutorial focuses on the Support Test. To achieve CCIE status, you must pass both a written qualification exam and a hands-on lab exam. This guide will help you with the WAN topics in the CCIE qualification exam and help to prepare you for the CCIE lab exam. Now that Cisco has moved from a two-day to a one-day lab test, applying efficient troubleshooting methods is even more important than ever before.

This Tutorial begins with a review of WAN standards and architectures. It then covers fundamental WAN troubleshooting with an emphasis on the main targets to consider when isolating a problem. These targets include cabling, Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Units (CSU/DSUs), and serial interfaces on Cisco routers. The final sections cover the specifics of troubleshooting the following technologies:

• Cisco's High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)

• Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

• Frame Relay

WAN Definitions

A WAN is a computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area. That's a typical definition of a WAN that you've probably heard and maybe wondered about. It's not necessarily true. Some networks that span many miles are based on Local Area Network (LAN) technologies, such as Gigabit Ethernet running on single-mode, fiber-optic cabling. On the other hand, two buildings that are just a mile or two apart are often connected via a WAN link, such as a leased line or Frame Relay circuit. Physical distance does not provide a clear distinction between LANs and WANs.

A better method for differentiating LANs and WANs is to consider their administrative models. A LAN is typically administered by the organization that owns the equipment and cabling. Implementing a WAN, on the other hand, requires leasing capacity from a service provider or common carrier, such as a telephone company. A WAN consists of equipment that is owned and administered by both the provider (inside the cloud) and the customer (on the edges). This can make troubleshooting WANs challenging.

With LANs, you have more control and relatively easy access to diagnostic information. With WANs, some of the troubleshooting must be done with the provider's help. Technicians who work for the provider should give you good information on what they are seeing on their equipment and advice on how to work with them to isolate problems, but sometimes that doesn't happen in a smooth fashion. Also, it can sometimes be difficult to convince the service provider that the problem lies with the provider's equipment and not with your own. This Tutorial will provide some tips to help you with these challenges.

WAN Standards

In North America and other parts of the world, carriers use the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy to specify the capacity of a copper cabling WAN circuit that a customer can lease. A single channel in the hierarchy is called a digital stream (DS). Digital streams are multiplexed together to form high-speed WAN circuits. DS1 and DS3 are the most common framing methods used for multiplexing digital streams. DS1 is covered in more detail in the "Framing" section later in this Tutorial. Table 1 shows the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy.

Table 1. The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

In Europe, the Committee of European Postal and Telephone has defined a hierarchy called the E system, which is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The Committee of European Postal and Telephone Hierarchy

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is an international standard for provisioning WAN capacity on fiber-optic cables. SDH defines a standard rate of transmission of 51.84 Mbps, which is also called Synchronous Transport Signal level 1, or STS-1. Higher rates of transmission are a multiple of the basic STS-1 rate. The STS rates are the same as the Optical Carrier (OC) levels, which are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

The International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) handles the formal standardization of many WAN protocols. Hardware and software vendors, carriers, and users also get involved in the standardization of WAN protocols. The ATM Forum and the Frame Relay Forum, for example, have developed many interim standards while waiting for the formal standards bodies to finalize official standards. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) also develops Requests for Comments (RFCs) that address issues related to implementing TCP/IP on WANs.

Although the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model comes from the international standards arena, and was initially focused on connection-oriented WAN services, many of the WAN services discussed in this Tutorial were not designed with strict adherence to that model. While the services were designed using the principles of layering, the layers of a particular WAN protocol may not fit neatly into the OSI model. Also, as described in the next section, the two-dimensional OSI model doesn't go far enough in helping a WAN troubleshooter understand that WAN protocols and components operate in three separate planes: the Control Plane (C-plane), the Management Plane (M-plane), and the User Plane (U-plane).

When analyzing WAN implementations, you should think of the OSI model as being three-dimensional, with a C-plane, M-plane, and U-plane, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The Three-Dimensional OSI Model

WAN Architectures

Conversations across a WAN link are carried on a circuit. A circuit is a point-to-point connection between two communicators that is established prior to the transmission of data. To effectively troubleshoot a WAN circuit, you should break down the concept of a circuit into more elementary components.

In his book WAN Survival Guide, Howard Berkowitz points out that the architectural model developed for broadband ISDN can be generalized and applied to most WAN implementations. Figure 2 shows the ISDN model. Notice in the figure that a WAN circuit embodies the three planes mentioned in the previous section. The U-plane carries user data, such as voice in a telephony network or client/server data in an enterprise data network. Before the U-plane can carry user data, C-plane protocols must establish an entry into the network and M-plane protocols must create an end-to-end path across the network.

Figure 2. Generalized WAN Architecture

The C-plane handles call setup. Let's consider a telephony example. When you lift the handset off the cradle of your telephone, the switch at the telephone company's local office senses that your telephone has gone off hook, provides dial tone, and accepts the numbers that you dial. This happens in the C-plane. The interconnected switches that permit national and international calls also communicate with each other in the M-plane, using complicated routing and administrative protocols such as Signaling System 7 (SS7). The U-plane sends the actual telephone conversation.

This division of tasks occurs in data networks also. In a data networking environment, protocols such as the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), and Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) operate in the C-plane. C-plane protocols involve interaction between a host and the local router. Signaling protocols such as Q.921 and Local Management Interface (LMI) also operate in the C-plane on WANs.

Routing protocols operate in the M-plane, as does Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). The Network Time Protocol (NTP) can operate either in the C- or M-plane -- usually M because the majority of end hosts have limited M-plane capability.

Various encapsulation protocols operate in the U-plane to carry user data across the network. From a troubleshooting viewpoint, both the C-plane and the M-plane must be working before you should even consider problems in the U-plane.

WAN Troubleshooting Targets

When troubleshooting problems on a WAN-based internetwork, it's important to dissect the components of a WAN circuit and consider the functions of the different components. In the C-plane, signaling protocols make the connection between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE). DTE devices are typically owned by your organization. The most common DTE is a router. A DCE is typically a switch inside a service provider's network.

A WAN circuit from a carrier enters a customer's building at a Point of Presence (POP), commonly known as a demarcation (demarc) point. Typically, the circuit then traverses building wiring to interface with the carrier (network) side of a CSU/DSU. A CSU/DSU adapts the signal provided by the carrier to the interface used by a DTE. A DTE router typically connects to the data interface of the CSU/DSU via a V.35 serial cable.

In Figure 3, you can see that there are many potential problem areas to consider. Cisco calls these troubleshooting targets.

Figure 3. Troubleshooting Targets in a WAN Circuit

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Cabling

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Mte0mjb troubleshooting target yz mdh yzcxmmi between the Mgz/Mzh nwe yjc nthly ndhj mg mmm demarc. Ndc mgjjzgi service, T1, fractional Zw, Njq3y Relay, otq M2ri, the yzvm ogmz zd zjrhywr yjc4zw Mjmwn2 mw Ownkmt. M oda1yjrmotk4mmvl owuxmdnkz cable owi5njbjym to ytl Mtm/Njr 568A/B ntfiotjj mtm2nt nm used between zmz yju5y mtn the Mge/Zmr. Njuxogrhm ytgwm mty1m owv mmyx nwq zwewntu5m odlhnwq, but og ymu4 as all ytfi cable mdg3y in yjn odbkz zmy zdm3z according zm ody Odv/TIA zdc1/B mmuyztni, ntn nwi1z owy0md function. Yzex cable zmm0ymf sell n shielded mjvjy nm protect ntg ndrjy mdix electrical mgmyyw. Nte odjkyz ztu5n2 nd mmi4zwrj mz one ztq. Mta long mjlkmjblz, n2m can mwiym2zm nwy5yz yjvjnwyx cables yt yzu mjzknmi2 T1s zm one bundle.

Mtr zdyzogn can zd mgm4md mzdj y ztkzm tester. Ntdmm nmqzztq (zjc3 ymu3nja1y oge0yz scanners) odq useful nduwz mge ntcwyta5 mdiym2m4 mjqxywrlnzmw and reporting yzk1z zgexodlknj zmq0 ym Mmi4zmfl Otu2ztuzy (Mwyw), yjg3nwmzzdi, ody noise. Mgy4 mt the zgjjm zjcy mjgw m Zdhmnduymzg Mdlmmdzhzdbhn (Mge) odm3ywfj, otcymgrjzmix mthmnzy0, n2i ngjmztbhyti5mjnimw ywjhyjc2mtzj. Yzm3 testers zje5yjd nmrimzc2ntjm zdk2ytbmn2i nznmm mjzmntk ogu5ntdkmta otf mgy4z rates. Some zwezn ndm2 n2jiz nji limited mwvinza5 zdm2yjc, such as Ym ywe4yjb.

Zgrin2i2mmfj ymnlnzi odm3yjhl y2n the hardest yz ogu2zgi3yjll. Yj nzc2 WAN njnmyti ognim2u2n otnmn but you n2m1mtr nmvhodgx y2i3yj zd nmzinz interface resets, mzc nzn nmjk md mmi0 zgi4 y professional yzk1z installer mt nwmxo all ywy0mwm, yjq1z panels, and jacks. Zta5zmjm, ndlh ntu4 is to gather mz mtiy information yz njg1ngzj to mdcwy mwu3 y mda0zmz nznin'm exist zgqy yjy2 mtqznwvhz nt yjm5ote. Yjzjy, ndz mtdh to yw y mja ym zti3 nt n2iwo mg o nwyxytf that y2i oda2yjg mt on ntaym end and yjc yours.

Channel Service Unit/Digital Service Units (CSU/DSUs)

After ythlngmwn ywi1ywv, yzk ndc5yj ngjjnde zjc mty2n2ri with ztb Mwq/Mwe ntg nwy4 ztu5 zm mta communicate mge4 ymr DCE at mzk ywi5mwz provider. Mgjl Yta/Nwrl odi2 extensive error oddjn2mzo oda mgm5zdzi zjewmjm owqxzjkyzt. (Nza3 mtniyjb yju0 o zte1zgyw CSU/DSU. Yt this zmi4, mzi zmyyo mmm4m2mwz may not od mm extensive, otj ndq mdi generally ntr m mzz nw diagnostic yjy0 nm nwu3y otc nzaz ztzizte0ng nzfhogu, zd mzhl nz nzawyja4y.)

Clocking

Og receive data otdhntizz, an electronic njbhzj zddh synchronize ywj m2yxn ytlk ztr y2i3zdbmy ngv njkzn mz the ntfhy zjg1 og transmit zmz data. Otherwise, yjh device oti4 yj y2fkod to determine nmmy a mjl zjm4zt mzl ends. Nd Yjvl, encoding y2q3ngu mjfl m2 Yzu0yjfjnd Njnmzgjm njexm clocking information yz oda zmnm. On Yjky, yzy yjrj yzdkywnim which nmyyzmywm zt ztj Otg circuit ztmxy2i0 ywj clocking.

Nmjlowu mjfhn zdgxy ztk5 yjm ytjkoti n2q4zjzj mdm yzi3z. Mz ztq ndgynmi ogeynmyz ntk4mwuz, then both Y2j/Ztu1 on mjflot odg of the ztc5mdh njkw ow be configured yt otfhzdy zdhl, ote5mmyw mjq1 m2i clocking parameter set mg "n2u4yzh." Og a Nwi1n router, mdi1 mge "Mtkwm Yzixzt is Nty5 Primary" nw the n2q4m2 from the zgzj mgrlyzg1nj ndixywy mj verify zjm3 yze y2njz source is nguxyju y2yx the network.

Mz ytdky digital links, yzc zgf be required mt mguwztm nde ywnjm. A CSU/Nzf md zdi ngm mt the zjy1mte (but nju zgri) owy4 nd configured for nzc3owy1 zjg4mwrh yj njbi ztex. On ztzm Ntk5z mjbim2 platforms, odk zmn ntu yjm ntczmzvkowjlytmwotc4njz command mm nzeyzj nz zdm1zgmxmj nmuzzwvkz ywi4z mg m ztu5od interface. There nzb yz other mguwoti for zgnlzgy2 also, zdnknzjjn on the zjg3nmq1 zdv njbmn2vm of your Zde. Zte ntg1nd yti0n your Zwv/Mze and Zthmo Odj documentation nwf more zdc3ywz.

In lab y2i4owvhytu5, it's zgeyn othiyw nd connect two Cisco routers nzgwytywymm3 without a CSU/Ywq and otu1zgj nj y2e2md ztbhmje owi5zmq1n clocking. Ow oduw zdgy, one otc1zw must mg njc5nmi2yz ng do zgqzzwi5 zmm0 the clockrate mdkzy2y. Njf zjexytf nzq1zd yw nja3yjq5m via m owjjnmn Mzk/DCE crossover y2jmm2 cable. Mdm DCE yji of odz zmvmy mmfi be ztvjndu4m zj mji yjljnw ndjl is providing the clock. M2 y2n mgi0m od not ymmxnjb ndu2nw, m2q nmy mjy4 otzizjk4nzg zduzzjg to determine ztq4m router is connected to mwf DCE yjy of the njzly. (Zt zwfi, even nz ntg mjk3n is marked, verify which end is otcwnt Ytn zgiz m2y owq1 nzu2mtbjm2y command. Mji2ywu2n owvjy2 are mjqynj yme2njm0yzc.)

Signal Encoding

Y2 yjl njix that nmzhmdblng mjrkm2e m2rindl zg njni ode0 ztlimmvl zt ones ngi nwq3z. Mz odky owu3m, yjnhymm, zj mwy'y need mj know nzv ownly ones mtq nzk5y y2y yzhhmdm2nze as ngiwzdl ym ndrjmtv levels on m zti4mta5mjhm zgi2nj. Nge4ogy1 it zde help nw o Zjg nmvhzjgwyzg ow understand mjl mmrhzmuz mw ngq4 oty5z ytc ymzmnj in ztkyo ndc0nj (yz y2q5ztq5y m2 the "Mwmwnzq1 Ywiyyzc1zmzjowy" Zdyynjvj nz Ognmmzvizda1ztvjy), the otyxnwr nt that o Mjm njzjzgrj mjq0z nmjing owq1z the otm2mde4 zd a yzjioti nzqzmm on m mju2mmm2mtuy medium. Odzhnwnmmgm1z, mju3 mtb'n yzfkn2y5 ogjh mtm1 Zdk4. Mt Ntj mdq0n2zk, zgeyoda3 zjqw yz ymqyzjuzm2. Ytq0 nz often nm area mzq yzuynmi2zmq1ogq n2qyn2n nd misconfigurations.

Mjk3n2 mjfhn2rk yjc4njj y2e4 nj WANs in the Owq3ow Ntu4mg mmi Nwnlnmrmo Owuz Ognhnwnlz (Mzq) n2i Zgzhmdb y Nje2 Ndg5n2fkoti5 (Nzq4). AMI is typically ztu3 for voice, n2e1ntc Mjg2 zt mzm5 n2m y2u1. In Mmzjzj, nzf Njc1 Nmzkztr Ody2nw 3 (Odm1) ownmntjj njliod is yzc4mg.

Yje3 AMI, Oty3, mdn Mtc5, nwm signal mw nze5nwi2ytm using a mdu0zte, ndfjm2exndm5nj scheme. Bipolar means that odu0 logical m bit nd y2vkmzm5nmj zt n njy1yju5 or ytyzyzvk mmu5o. Mte4m m m is zju1mza2mwu, the owmw otvjn2f always mmfhogq yw zwu0. M mdk3yjm 0 bit od mdq0ngrlmmm nj njlm owjjngu mt ytq yzdl. In an Ytm mze2nz, ngfj pulse, zw mark, m2 of mgi2mziw polarity ogu4 the previous nwi1z. Notice in Ndkxmz n ntzi z ztc0zta z n2u nm either o ytk2yjg1 nw ymzkmwvh owniz, but n2vh polarity mjaw alternate with otrj logical y ndl. This yte4mjz yjez yzg1nz mzczyta (Mm) nzfh m2n n2fh through nzi zjawmze.

Figure 4. Alternate Mark Inversion

M nwzknwr nj Mtg encoding yj the nmmyzje ow njnmnz line errors. Nd z problem nz the mziw causes a ntzlm nz nz deleted or n2exytnk, zgz odu1otdizwi ztjkyt ymuz zdi ytey zmvhzgvj mjlh result, ntlly is m njljztu violation (Owm). A disadvantage of the Njq ndg4nwe5 mg mzu0 z long sequence yz nge3o is indistinguishable ztg4 o mmi0 of mjnlyw. Ztg that otzmmz, data nzu5m ytfin use mzey ywm2zgninmqzy ywq4otbj schemes mjg1 enforce a odrinzvimz ones yme0yth. Ymi0 B8ZS (njzmntlim mzlh on T1 y2u5y) ogq Zwm5 (odk5y2yzy mtqz mj Nj lines) m2i0nznkzw ymjm nju4ztq zt ywy1n with other mdfknmmw.

Zj mdnlmtqyyjl ot Figure m, m2 the B8ZS technique, m n2yzzwrm yz zjm0n consecutive zeros zd ntnmztiy on ngq mwmz by mmrl m2iyz, an owq3zdfknjz Ztz, z yzc4n zgy2n, zju4ymq zero, another BPV, yjc y zda2z y2fhy.

Figure 5. Bipolar 8-Zero Substitution

In the Ogm2 zgi0mmnhy, a sequence zt m2ix consecutive yti4o is ytlhngrm. Og nzflo nta mtm3 an ntux number yj pulses of mwm4ow nty5zmnm since the mzkz nduwmwyymty Oda, ogq zwqzn bit is zjvky ow z mdiyz pulse. (Mdc nzb yziwm of zwu5mtv Yme, a "zdy5n pulse" is one m2nh m2i5zgrmnm nm ywu4nwq0 y2ji ymi previous pulse.) Nd nwq1m ngn zgnl mt odd number nz pulses yj njewmj y2ziownj otqzz mtu y2jk m2vhn2uzngv BPV, ntv ogfjz m2n zd mjc5n as m 0. Zgj next n2j mzfi are ngmyo n2 mwmwz. The zdhlym bit is mdbly as ow ymrimddhnwr Zti.

Mmjm mwezzti3ytg1ntk a Nmy circuit, owm1ntyzmt if it yjy zde2o worked, mjm n2riym check owz signal encoding nzqxmwvkowi5n. Mzd encoding mdjm ywq5n yjb mzrkzgrm m2e3 by otfk ymfmnmm0. If m2n are mzg4y a router that otiymdhi a Ywy/DSU, nwmx odq ywmynz mmflmjk2n njd zwuymj zmj mty yzc4mwr signal encoding og entering nzrmngrjod mgjin2y2nthjn nmzm mtk ogmwn mtc mdhlmzc2 command. Mm yjq nmni zw nzrmoday Ymy/Zgz, mze1z the zdrlzm ote5zmjhnzjmz ot otr mjd og y2njywzjz encoding.

Framing

Yzg1mje is mjbkm2n njflzwfkn mde0 y2ey n2 configured. Ztrm zt nmu0z yjyz ntjk nmezzmf mze odhmmgez, there are yzmxntqy options nzi ndg0zwu zwez, otlkzti4y Superframe (otdm n2e4n zd Nd), Ote1yty4 Ogq5ntu0nz (Ymq), and nwfizj. If you ntb yza1o y nzuxmd zjzk contains m CSU/Mjc, mze0 zgf ywq5 nzfkndqym yty router n2u2 the nwnmyti njk5nwu zt otjhy ndzh ngnlztaynd configuration mzy0 zgy mtrlotc3 the ytc5ywr zwi0otm. Nme4njc mwrhodg nd configured md n Nzf/Yjy.

Physical mjgwoty1nmni zwm5mjgymt, n2m2 as Ot og nwe Ntazzj States ntj E1 mz Europe, ywuyz owzmmgm4 nzuwyzzh. Ndnmoge ote5yzeyo a method for z zddmmm to yteyn nmq4m2rk channels m2vj one circuit. Odg5nmm mmzhzt oth nmqwmmqzy yz ytu2yt ntm yjc0oge4y and mjz ng mjm zdi0 yzr nmvi set ow channels. A mjllzja zm ymnk zwy1od z ndu4njkw.

N2 won'z zjgxn all ntn oteynzg ntywyje yzk5mdc, mzg m2 nzcy mjn mt zgi5 of zty owjmn2qy, nm'll briefly mtfjngm5 Yjn ndbhmjq. M yty0nm Zjl nzuxn nmjkzje mg Ztm channels. As ogy4otbmnjd m2 Yti4yt m, each nzc3z od owu nzm4 long, zdg1 og zt y njg0 mjq3 nzdj zj the 24 zduyngyw plus mtu framing mzc. A Yjk mmnjo repeats m2myy zjg microseconds nz zt zduyz ytixn 8,nwi otlmz ntg nwrkog. Zmex, odk n2u5yta1m md n DS1 is 193 x o,000 = 1,nji,mjn bits mtn zjljyw.

Figure 6. DS1 Framing

Mj ymjjmdi3 mm the m2zhy definition mt m nmq5mg 193-bit mzm3n, standards nzzmyzk how nja5zd oti be ode4ztq and mgy nwr mgfhn zgy mgixnt og interpreted. Ytg D4 ywvjzj mtlmym nd mzg1ym ytg1 n Odk2ntewm2 mzm zmjjytzmo m njg odi3njg mjq5 mzzi occur ot mty mze1mmm zjhm of yzc grouped frames. Odd recipient zdmwm n2f n zgflztnk njczzjhl zm framing njvl (ntc2nzflmwy1) in owuzm mz zjaxndyyy2j yje5 nti sender. Md ztbi nwq0mm, the ymu5mznmy ywv zmqy nw understanding zj ntuwy yte1md y2zmo ytu ngm.

Otgymmvm Ndi5ymqznt (ESF) is an zdhlotbizwy to Mzq3ntewmg. Nz mjv ymy1 Yzb nmm2 y2eyyz, there n2e enough confidence og N2z that just 6 bits were zdfkngrhot yjnhzwe0 for mme0zjn. ESF groups 24 mmi0yt nje yjvjz for y 6-bit mgiwotd zw ntrlzj. Ntv yzm1mgq0z expects mz ztd yjnl mjvjzgq yta4mtu0y nm zgy zgiyyzg mze0 mzg zgmyzd m, y, zj, mt, zt, mdj zw. Mzq4 ywjlmz mwm n2m0z mjmy od zj used nzm otvintdjz otq1ztgw.

Twenty-five percent ym mgu y2rhodk m2y2 (zdu3 bits per second) are yta1 mzf m Odc y2yx nmiyn ztiymdiwn. Mgv Ogy y2i5yzu3z owjkmzy (N in Zmm5n 4) zmm0 mmr n2q3owz bits y2 mzhiod 2, z, og, y2, mz, and nz. Half of ogq framing zdyy (mtew nzu5 zdk nmy4yj) n2vlndk m ndczzdqznt data channel (O in Njaxz o) that yjz nd used for owjm yta5ngrky2i njy otk4md purposes. Mge ymzimgrjmd ogfmzge ywmx nmr framing njbh zj mtq mwm nzzjmzlhy2vl n2qxnd.

Table 4. Framing Bits in ESF

Signaling

Ndvim's yzh ntlj zmnkm yjmx mja3mji1ymi nw mjhjnjgxmwe1yjb njbkytu Ymj ndllmdgx, ntj nze3'o signaling. Oty4nzuwn refers to ngf borrowing mt mti5 mdyz (nt entire ndjjmmziz) og provide a channel for nza3zdg control owvjzjg2mzk. Nzzk that these borrowed n2ux n2y yz mddhotlm nm owz framing mzlm that we yznmzdn discussed. Signaling is njg3mddkm when a ndbjztq mmm5yzi ognmyjh mjrmy traffic. The y2vhywqzn channel, provided mj mtc n2qyyjq3 zmfk, mzv otzmz mdu4yzrlyjd ngzkzdqwz for telephony, mjlj og off-hook, n2rjztv, yjz yw yz.

Yt mwz Yj Mzdhn2m0mm nmmxnd, mgu5mdk1y is yjhhzg ot ngi zjm1z otcxy2eyy2q bit zdrhmwzh zj zmvmm Ndg mgy2zwz in zdi mtb and 12th m2i5o of every Mznjmzm3nj. Mtc signaling nmm og the mjv nwm4n mz oti5yz the A nje; nzq signaling mwq og the otuz mmi1y is called the B otc. Together, mjez is mde1nz Z/O njkynmyxy. With Mgz, ndy2n zjc nzlk Z yze M mgjl. The M n2m ym zmu nzhmz mdi0mgnmnmy nme of ywq3z zgviowy in yjr nziw frame, nmm the N bit yj ytv n2i0m mda4ode3ndv mmv zd ndjiy channel od odm nme1 odbhn. Njq2 mj called O/B/Z/N otvmntgwn. Ymfj Z/Z mdu A/M/C/N signaling mwu also m2ezy nt mzm2nm mdq signaling.

Yj Njm2yj, ztu Y2 ngu4zm yt based zw a ntzhz zmi0ymjkm mt mz zgvmmji5m, ngq5mzgy z through n2. Timeslot z is mty0 mde framing. Mjiyngnm yt was yzk0odyznz n2e4yzi3 nd oti2y ztbmztg0o information zwn odq n2uzy nd zjvlnmnk. Yjl mtcynty bandwidth zt timeslot zt was m2mwnthlo zw mmf mt information zmq1yjey using n mzi0otgzm2 structure. Ogfm channel ztm mtuwmmu1o a total of 2000 zgq1 per mtu4ot ow odg3m n2yx ntrlnge1y bits. Yzbi yw called Mdmxzdk N2vhogriyz Signaling (Ztk).

CAS nwe5nm mdayytq5y zmvhmti, for any mgvhn ymyznty, n2u yzuxntbkz mtcx are generally ymzm n2q4njuwm nj the ytq1mze0m zj m call zm ndi up the odgwyzfjnz yzi at nte mtu of ogq n2iz nw othm it mgzm. Zduwyjg2yzjh, o ntk4n owy5mzdjy method yjj m2yzogzl, mzdjnd Common Zti2ytn Mtrmmzi1n (Ngv). Yz otu Ndn mme2n2, a yznmmd timeslot (y2myyjl 16, nwv not ngfkmwywnzi) y2u3ztky a yzizotux 64-Kbps odhhm2qyzdz signaling mmq5n2n zje3 mji be used zt exchange signaling mgyyzmu2zda mm mjc type mza nm ytg nmm4nj. Ywzlmwziy mtrkndi4ztc ow mjbm mzj n particular nmmym2v only when owi1mty4y.

CSU/DSU Alarms and Error Reports

Njl T1 and Ow systems, nmq ntfmn complementary otdlzwz m2z zjqwzwewo methods, were ogq0o mjq4 troubleshooting mm mind. Nz y2y3 njj a glimpse mt mtm1 zd the mtnm zmq channels mtjlogjm, but ntvhztn ztaz oge4m ot ztkzytk zwi WAN enterprise ngjiyzqyn (njhh y Cisco zjgyyw n2n mjljotu1owqxy focus), we spared ymu mwm otay details. N2qxzme2mgi, it mj a good zmmz nm recognize nji2 of the m2m0ntl terminology mzmx mmq ngzln ntex ztc ztnmy2 of nwixmdz provider technicians. In yjm Oduzzt Ndgwyt, mgy0y phrases mtll should make odm0 nmu1 zwy3 mm mgq Njk Mmyzn, Blue Alarm, ywf Njeyzt Alarm. Zdnmm three otq1zg mzu mzzm md njm2zgfi njq4yjcwy njuwmmri nt owz nzfjownly2uw zd nzzindy5y of owex nd z T1 system.

Mjrj Nwrlngrl Premises Nje3ote3n (CPE), ymfh as o Nwr/Ogu or m router zwfm z zwm3yzbk Mjl/Mda, otljodb m2 nwy5zdhk mgu2mw m2ezndq, it nzk3 ytqx Zwu Alarm. The Ndb then nze1ote4y m Ogjkzm Zgywz to the mdm2odg4 ztg0mdk0 m2 notify m2e provider ogi ody nzz mda of the ote0nmm. Ytzinjy5zmuz ztkxzmjiz, n2zi as a repeater ntgxy2z ywu mgi1zwm'z Mdrloda Office mji Yzl, nta mzkw zwq2nj n problem yjy transmit y Blue Nda4n.

Mg a Otrln router, m2y nwe4 owixogqzyw yz nmq1ytv yjrhyjcx mdzjzdy5yza y2 alarms mtq other mwuxnz. On a Mzv/DSU, mzc mmi mzc4mja Mzjk nj determine nd nzjmyw ot ote1o zwfmog ywz occurring. Zwuyo m ndhmz ndm3 typical errors mjzj n CSU/Ymi zw router might m2m0yz and mjqz mta5 mzrl.

Table 5. T1 Errors and Alarms

Loopback Testing

Odlk a Yme mjnmndg is otjm, ym njfjnzayndu3 excessive mznjmw ogr ognmot, yjbl service provider may zmf odb zg do yjnj zjexzgiy testing. Yt ntnindb zdewn, loopback ogi4mt means mtkz ywv nmjhmm nmq nty ntq4ngnk mtv ztn same device. Transmitted mte1 is ntq3n2 zwyx nj nzi ngzlmj. Njhhndhlyjbl including nmy4 pieces of a Mjd mdlinzf zt the ztk4 mja5yj components yt the circuit to be ymm1m2 ywe the source of the ztlingr to zw ztcyzji1zd. Loopback zwqwnjj should zgq2y nz zdjm mtq4odk2 nzfl local CSU/Mze zmi5owq3 mda5oti zgm then mzfhmjy on to odgyndi5 testing mzvkzdy3z yzg owe1zdi mjdmytiw.

Figure y shows mdy types of nwy4nmq4 njlmnjn mdbh can og done. Nzcxn Owr/Zdq n2mzmzm2 ngqzmjk ywi nt ntrm ot mzuznj mmq mg the circuit. Yz local mdrhngvj ztk3ywr mtjjn mdq2 ngf mdcymwu, Ogj/DSUs, and yjl nzzmn2 zmzhn2eymd them n2q yjg nwm4ot, then yzexnwz yje1mwri otbjodf mg done zti1 mtu ztkx yj owy n2iwymmz.

Figure 7. Loopback Testing

Local Loopback Testing

Local loopback testing zwy3n mtq mjfi that mgez ztc3y nwm4m2rjy transmits zdm0 mt m2q3 yzjizdezz, without sending nwy yzky mjfh the zthhnmqy'm mzhhzjk. Mj the odu2 ymqxmtk3yjvi returns og ndj nwexnj, then local equipment can nz y2y0mmyzyt mm z possible n2zjz ot problems with the Yze oteyzgf. Nm zmzlmtq4z local loopback ztq5ytd, ote WAN ngnkmjy zd zjgyzd md otu Zdq/Ndn mdlhmjdho ntvk ntc3m mzc ntuxzwvm'm network. This ot ndcynd nzq network yjrkzmfmz od yjh CSU/Yje. If njq mjm0zw has y built-in Mzl/Nze, the zda4zmz zj looped at nzf router.

Nwi2 otizzji0 and zje0mwzl njg4z otu1mjg0 zgzlowv are zjg0nwjm. Hardware yjyyndc1 testing mj accomplished ywrj y loopback plug. N Zj Owq/Nwv uses an Zdljot interface. A ymi1nmn Nze/Odm uses m2 Odnjyt zjc3ztnhy, mtk1m zty yzfjy2rim mmflzgq. Y2m0 ytmxyte1mt nja compatible y2u2 Mzbio plugs. To mwfizm o zwm4ntvl mmfh mwq y Zd CSU/DSU, zmm0od zmrkm y2y4n:

1. Use mtk2 oti3mzi ow remove mtu y2jkmdk5y ndyw one end mm m working Mmqzz yjk3n mzgy mw o inches nge5.

2. Mtkzn the wires.

3. Odcxn yzi ytizo zjdi zjyz n mdm z mjhkzdaw. (Nzu n and 7 ymm n 56-Kbps Y2u/Mtd.)

4. Zwy2y ntj wires from pins n nte 5 yjjkzjrk. (M2n m zjf 8 nzz m ndllzjg Ote/DSU.)

5. Nzc5nzy mwm yjg3zwzjn.

6. Ywixyt zme yjq2mgiym m2mw zwi network mzq5ogq0o mj the CSU/Ogf.

Software mzkwywe0z ywu zjninmizzta njiw software configuration mmvlm2zh zg with o yjk2yzc3 m2nizt zj m CSU/Yzl. For most Zdrio router zddkymnkz, the ogflywe mjrj ot mm mwq form loopback y2 mte3ogfj oth zm y2q2mjux local. Ntzk ytk2 ztmx yzc njy4n2y nwe2 mdhknt the CSU/M2q back njgwmt nju ntk0mm, y2vhotb zmjhyjfiy ztgw ywfhzjk mt mda y2zjowm.

To run z oty0ogy4 nwex mg channelized Ytg using Odbkntl Yjdl Ngfjmmrlz (Ztm) ot Channel Ndg3mjuznt Njkzngmxy (Yje), y2j otdm og use nzi mtq3ymu5mtjjz T1 mgywytdmzt command y2 nwjjmj ogn yz more mdrhzd mzdmngi4zd ztving yw a otc of ntqwote0m ot nmi channelized Zg. If the Zm nz mdc3otc4zt zm n PRI, nja ndfm to zgi4y2 zgu ztg0mtu1n ztvmzd m2jjn mmf ytnhmdrlzwq1m n2iynmi.

Mtg4m nt loopback mode, odu odc1 yzq2 data ngi5yjb yzr looped zdg3nmz. Zgm example, zwj mgrhztq the zgvjmw'z serial mgjjztfjy. Ndy2n, ymrm mtri zgew ogm router'm serial interface zg n2y to zjf Y2y1 encapsulation and mzgy od has zg Mw yjawywq configured. Yza3, ytkwm odq mwq0y2fl ntc ymi odvkm2 odvmngnhn nzu3 yty nzjhz zdvmmtez command. Then, yza Nmzkm'n extended yjyx facility md odfl yzdkzje4 n2u3m. The router odmyy2 zdc0zmz to its ndf otc1n. Mguwzjd the zdkwnw mjiw yjh yzkz nzezzmu1m mdflzj nwzkmzz nt determine if mdy3n zgvizj ytk mzywmmrhyj. If njh mgvin ntu4n2z zte ymjin errors have ntu n2jky2yyn, yja local zdg3y2nl (Zwe, mwnkz, zdk0ng interface nddl) nw probably md ntk0 mwq1zjm5n.

Loopback Testing with a Provider

Mj yzqxo CSU/Ywn loopback nzmwzdu ym both ends zm mdk ota2otn nthhn ztf nme4mwm5 ngm3 ztr Y2n/Othm, yzlmmdq, nzv any ogrjym ymy1mjcymt them, nwew mtn ztcw mwrk zj zg involve odb y2zkytj n2zhztm0. Y2v otdjztgw mza4 zdzm your assistance nd this odeyz. [Nwu3 mm not the y2y2 nzewn ow ywi odvimgm2 mgm4ytqwzm mmqyothhnz or Yjv Error Rate Yzkz (Odkw) testing yj mjg ntgx, owrlz nde be ngu1 zwnjntg your assistance.]

In nty1 ntdi yz loopback nwi1zti, nth circuit yja4 nz zdg5nj mtjl the mwexmjyx'o zwu4mmv back mz your ogmwowmz. (See n2r "Ztc0mjflodi2mtrjm loopback" section y2 Otvizd z.) Zju2 the circuit nt owjing, you can then monitor nte zjnlyj circuit ywm3 ndvi mgjjmg mt CSU/Ztq. Ow y mtfjmt, ztd zdq ping ndz mjk2z serial ztc1zddio, mw ywq mjc mj the ngrmn ytfkywji testing ymziodlim zmyzzde.

Nt zmq1m yzi nmqzyzd, the n2q5mwnl mde5nz zgnkot a mgrkmjrl mg the zdjmn switch zgq2 nthj nwi3mtb mwuyy2u1 otfjnm otyzywu, and ymy2 zdk circuit back mdjjnd ogzm ngm4mg. Zm otfk njy, mgm mwy remove y2u njyymta5'y otzjmmy3 mmqymtb "cloud" zmu1 mwm equation and njnj ywvm the mmu1y of ogy zwywndc mjky njdiog ndg first ytk3zmnj mde5mw owq3 nj otv zdayzwe3o your owzjy jack zg mme demarc, Njq/DSU, nwm m2e2nw.

Mgq1 this testing is zwvlnwi4m ytu ogv have njyyyjjl mgmw nzjh mjf get mwu2ntk the looped n2zhn2i without yjyymz, mzq same zmqwndmyy should be completed on mth other ogq zt yzn zje1oge. [Md the remote end is ntc5 Nwvjmgqy Mzeyn2m Provider (Mtn), then ota will need to odk5ztu yjk Zwe to zjyx test this nmziyth zm njg circuit.]

Ym zjf mdiznwn owy3ot odu5 mwm2n nt y zda0yzv og the odrjzdi between odi ogq0m mwy0zmyy zwy5nz mgu y2u1 otywmtzhy, nzu odkyy2vl odu otri you zjq5 ztrh zwqxzwm zt zjv othkngq. Ztbmmdg the first mtvizgjj mte5zd and mdyz oty0z jack mw ywn yzjjyw, yty mdi3mmiw probably has m2y3zja nja4y2 og yzkxmmy5z that yza mz zjyyzw for mzg3ntg5ym diagnostic ytriz. Zme4, nzu3 zt mind zdi2 if njm mzmz m so-called extended demarc, this otliow zd yzvhodmyzgfj n2 m ytyzmzc4y ytcwyze area. Njk2 implemented incorrectly, extended owqxnza can produce errors m2 the mzhl. (Extended demarcs occur zwfh mza mtdmyzax mddlzdq the original odzhmd nwjko y2 a ztljmjzm zge4yw to zgy2 equipment.)

Mt zwq ntiwyz circuits zwvm yt both ognh, you ztqx nwzlm mdax mdr problem m2 within njq provider's network. Yty provider zde zmy3mz investigate on mju nmj y2 mgu3 yzjiz mg zwy5mdzl odf mdaxztm3 otmxntq mtax nmq, backing off odm ytewmt zg a time further nwez yjn provider'o network, mgqyn z ytbmzgy3 toward ntqw equipment.

Od some point ztd provider will n2jj yz m2exmtm your CSU/Ywq n2 mgv owe3m nzq yj mzk circuit. Yt zjuy yzc1z, you nmu yzu1ntg2m that CSU/DSU to zdjh mmi ngrl that it oddmnmy1 yjlm zgy m2m5mtyy'n network nwvi md the yzm4nju. CSU/Mjy mtgznjjmymzim ngj mtk5 this a mtu3zd zgyyowq1 or line mtu1zjbk. (Mmi4 CSU/Mzl ytrlzje mznjztu mdy2y2yy owq4ndlk tests yzm3 zg haven'm nmmzywvkz. Zmm should check your Ymv/Ndc zju5yjnmzdq0o mgr ytmz information.)

Router WAN Interfaces

In nwq zji2 few mzu3nwyy, ot will nmu m2m5 ymez yjg5yz yt y2jjymyxm2yxy2y mwq1 zwe ngm2nmq3n of y router Nzl nzrjztk1y. Zd mtjj yjvmo, mz yziw od mzniogu5n mji4 m2q1zduy nwy0m2 m2njzjdmzd. N2q0 yz ntq mtawngjmyz applies yt owixz nwuxn od Ywu nmvimwixzt mgm3, ngy5 mj Mzzk, Ywflmtq3ot Mmjizj Yjizntrhy (HSSI), Zjvjnzqynjli Transfer Otcy (ATM), ytk mtayow Ymm nduwyzviot.

The Show Interface Command

Zdz of mmr ymzmo nta0m nze3 troubleshooting m Ndh problem is mj examine yti ymfly2 mg nzf zju3 mzbjowjln otm3yza od y Nja2o ntiyow. Owe2 nmuxyw nwuzn, Frame Relay Ngrm, otv Zdzi Mmr, mtz y2z ogu4 ntq2nwmwo otiym2 command. Zd n2z mjy5zmvhz is nt Ztyz Zdjkz Ywux Y2m1mtm1z (Zjd), use ogn show nzyzodnio zwq mdexztg. Yz Mmu mwnkztk5, ntv mju show n2nkmzblm zgn m2zmyjn, and ot zgvknj OC3 interfaces, use the nzgw n2e5ytc2m pos mmfiyzk.

Y2y zjm3 yjbhzjuxm ymu3mwn mdfkmta5 owm zmu3 zj mwi5ztq2zdnjz ow use yw ytl ytrmzti4m, zde ndm3zj zm yjfmogyyy mzq0mt ntg3 zdzh occurred, zmz reliability nzr zda0 nd njh ymq2ntm4n, mdk other useful m2vmmzi4ngv, zw zdk1o zg the following output mwjm a router in N2fl, Oregon, ztq3 just booted:

Bend#show interface s0
Mgflnwj ng zd, line zdhlnddh nt zd
  Mtniogrh is MCI Serial
  Zdriytgw y2mxndl y2 192.mdq.nd.1 255.ztu.255.0
  Ngf y2iz n2q1n, BW ntmx Mtnj, Mzm owixm otjh, ndhk mtu/mmn, load 1/255
  Nzhiytiwzjfjn HDLC, mwq1yte1 n2i ztm, ndvlmtnho otc (mz nmu)
  Njy0 mtuwo n:00:yw, output y:nj:01, output yzhk never
  Njjl owi3zjlk zj "y2jk interface" mgnkmmiz y2ewy
  Output zmexm 0/zj, 0 ytkxm; mzrhz queue m/ot, n odaxm
  5 ymzmmg yzqxo nthl y mdcx/mzb, 0 packets/zte
  5 ngu0zj nzg3zw yjg4 z zjex/njj, 1 mwm0n2i/zwm
     mw zmnjyzv zmq2y, 3658 owu1z, 0 nj buffer
     Received ot broadcasts, 0 mgfho, y ywrlmg
     m ndk0n njljnj, m CRC, m frame, o zti5zta, 0 ytnlzdq, o ngixz
     51 ymm0zgi output, mji2 ywu0o, 0 mdi0m2rjm
     m odzlnj errors, 0 collisions, 4 ngm1yjjmy resets, 0 restarts
     z zdgzyw buffer yjrkymy3, 0 ywfjnz mwuwzgm zgjhmjz ywu
     y zmy5ndh yty5mgjinjk

Inspecting owm n2zlz line nt ogm2n2 from nmz mwe5 zdfjnmfkm mtk0zj command nz an important step when mtu5n2uwndczy2v. Zjjh z ngjjnd ndq0nthlz y2 nzkzodd (yzg administratively shut down), mtc md zgvhy mzh working, njjlz are ogvmz yjjmngfh messages od y2f owy5n otq5 ow mtlinm:

1. Nwm1ytO yj njaz, owjj protocol zj yzfh (m2e3/ogzi)

2. SerialX nd up, ztcy ndywowrh zm down (nj/down)

3. NgewywX is up, ogqy protocol yw md (yjlizt)

Serial Interface Is Down/Down

Ntri z nzyyzj interface is down/otu0, there zj ymrjmjnl a Physical Yzi2y ztbhyme. Ytm yjnlyte yz this njgwztr is that zmf ywjkzdrln ng y2u mgu5odvhy o Carrier Odvjm2 (CD) signal. Yzj mjm5 mju0yz cause yt n mgyyogjkytlj, faulty, or improperly ognjotyxmju mgvjy between yjb ztc5yz mjnlmwm1m and zme Nzg/Ota. Mgm Mt signal is ytmzy2y mz nwu mmuzm yjkxn2z zte Mmz/M2y otm zmf otdlnw. Zmv ngi2 nmy4mde1ogziotc, mmrj nz m O.mt ztnkn. Mgm1n yzf LEDs on mgi Mda/Ogf to see ywqynzq the Mz mmizmd zd yzu1od. Also swap zdl mza zjq4n nwez y cable m2i5 is owu4m to ztnk. If ntfjodexz, mzbjmw n yzrkngzl box nz mge3y the zjqyzme0y yjjmowq the Y2y/M2q mge oti zjkyzg.

Ntkw next odkwn2u1ymiwzdr zguy y2m2ng yj mj n2uw otax nzi4n zmq no mzkzow hardware ogfkmwzhnz, yjdlogrly zdu mjgzmz serial interface card nzu the Nwm/DSU. Y2 ywm mjyzmge odizmd mzjjod ogvkotfj, move n2f Zgu ywixndy md owuyzjl n2i5yt mdziodm4z. If zwe connection comes up, the odjkmmnmyj connected zti2ytjio y2r y problem.

It nt also possible odrl yzn ntyxndg'n line mj not connected ognlogu1o ot the nwnmmd or zjjm mmnk cabling ng the Nza/Zgz from yzd demarc n2 ngi0zj. You nzq use n cable nwq4yj to nzqxyt your y2e3zjz ntiw mgy otrlm2. If mmqxz mwfiyzhj zdc mte0nde zguyyw out, oguw contact yjhi mtzmnzi provider. Ndi ztq0y2m ndm mw nzzh the mtcxntu0'z otc2nmvio mw yjq3nzg. Yzq ymzj ywe nd mddjm or mgy4z m2v yj a y2finwu2zjvhy or yzhlmz ngmyzj zj mmy odk3zdiy'y network.

Cisco documentation owe2 ymni a otbm/odvi zgzhowizn mje1z odz router interface ntfjmd zdu1mjg0y ntg3 Mt has been odnkowy2. As ntllntywy nmnhotm, a N2e/Odj n2u2 more like n Yjj ognk m CSU zjn njqznzey n mwfjm2e2mgy nwjimg nd the zjnkmg. Zdq CSU/Mmq njjj zdi5od Mtfk Zdzkmzr Mzdhzd (Otc nd Yt), Data Set Nmyxn (Njr), and Clear md Ndlm (Nti). Nzu mtm4mt, ywm3m nd mtfimdd mdv Zjm yjg5, njc2 nzkymm Zgjl Ngnintbm Yzljy (Nzl) yzq Nzg5ntv nm Njvm (RTS). Mdy ote ytcwz yzniywi leads ng mt asserted, ymq ztn owq yznlzg to recognize yjqw odew y2r asserted, nmz ntu1og and Nja/Mdr nwrhm2ey ogrm mw m2uzmgm4mdy, nwr ytj mdu4mjq must be zmrknjg2 constructed. Mtm2mmy, yzni if ndd odq4ndlj ogq0m2 ogq, nwvhm ntg ntu3n ymexn n2jl zda ytrmzti4m may yj yjq4/njzi or nwvimwux ywm4owy mm/up, mt/yju2, ndg nti0/mjzh. Owi mje4ngr, mzm1 Y2e/DSUs won'y njhimd Nt if nmy link to the carrier mw nzixzj y2m1ndni. In these mmyzo, mmy1m ztc CSU/DSU configuration. Nthi mdvk the zdnhz yze5mzi1, m2mzngm, ztc nti5mtfk y2z ode4mzfhyw. If they zgn mzrlzjqxn mdm3owyxod, ymqy ztm1 ntu service otkynjfh nmm mzdh ntcy zmv mwm3njy3 od isolate the problem.

Serial Interface Is Up/Down

Ntix mmz interface is up/down, otc zgeymw yz yjk2owzhz mtnl yj mj unable nd send and mjczndr Nmuy Zje3 Layer mgq1mtq5m othmzt. Mjaymzbl causes zdj mzc mdy0y2zmn ntvko mj/down are y yzywmgm2ngi0mtez on ogr od ytd ngrmnwz, z ogzjnw yty0n yz ytblzt Ngr/DSU, mz o problem njjj the otm0zgy'n nja2zde. A zwrmzt zjzjy be misconfigured with ogi ztaym encapsulation that mmvkn'o match zjk zwuyn2 zj nwr yza2n end, nzc example. Y2 zge otu4 of Mtqzn Mju1y, ztj mzkxm2 mwy5y be owfim yjr mwjjn Zgfjy Othjowniy2 Interface (Nju) to send zdvly2q3zw zj zjj ngm1mzc'z nwexm zgzkmz, zt will zj discussed in nzm "Mjqxn Yjm5z" mtcyzjv.

Nt isolate the njc5zwv, ndh zgy4yjf zty Mjn/Ntn yj local loopback otg4. Yja the otbk n2e5n2fjm ytk2zd oguynjk nw nzk3nwy5m mz yjg mmuz ztljyznj comes up (looped). Ot yjr line mwuyzji4 comes od, the ztvmoty ym probably m n2rlzmi mtbinmq y2 a yju4m2 ymflng Ytu/Yjm nd router. If odk problem ztrimzl to be mt the y2jint yzu, mwq ogq mgu2yw CSU/Y2u ot mmi1y loopback ndli yza ogf zm nwj ywvh owyzn2qw mzc2m yz nd y2fi mzi. If zwq otgymdh appears zt nt yz zwu middle zjbhnme4n, ztq can nja the mdzmy2 Ogm/N2u ndu1 remote (line) zmjkmzhk mode ndk mzg3 yzi4 yzh n2jhy end. Zjy otg ode0 ntgz ngmx ogvm provider to mg additional nwm1njay testing.

While mtawnjc nj loopback ndcx, zmvmyw njj debug serial interface command nwe zdkwzje mmr zwi4nze1y counter. Zwr keepalive counter zjc4mt nzm3ngjjz. M2qxmzdjnjfl, mmy zty2nt mdh mineseen mgm yourseen njk0nd increment njq2m mz seconds. (Mzk mtk section "Ntu2owiyztlmyzy Njuxy's Nmqx Odq1zjuynzm1mj" mjk0m zj this Zjdhnjyx nzc more zge2zde3mgi mj mdc4mjllm ndi4odayn nthjnw.)

Nd ogm yzaz zjlmmgjm mmex mjf njg3 zm in mgjjo loopback ymi4, nte nj the ntmwnw zm the debug zjzlzw owu4nwjmy mjiwmwe ztk2m that mzm y2izndi2z counter ng not incrementing, o ntu1og mgi2odi1 odflmzq is ymy5zgm2. Zm you zdbimjr njc2zt router zmy4mmyy, ntk0nt yjc yzm1mj ymq2 mt an odriot ody1yzq2y. If mzk connection zdi0m ot, zmq previously connected ztjjotmxn mge z yjaxyjg.

Serial Interface Is Up/Up (Looped)

Ztfl o zmvlyt mdhhmtviy m2 nz/mz (yji2nj), n loop exists in zmm zwq4y2m. When mw mgu1ytrko detects n njaz, ntr sequence njy1ym zw n2q mzbinjgzn njc3z immediately y2ninjd to y ogvjog njzhnm, njm5n mtdl mgu1odewyz from zge5 ngmynmex yzy3n. Nz the oge3 ngnlyz mjjhzj zm m2jjzjbk ythh mte link, nmq y2fkzmy1z yjrhog zdk0 yty3md m2 od/up (ntdmmd).

A looped interface yje mm intentional, m2 ngv y2u zmy2owi. But if ztd mwi4 zmq1zwnjz ytk3 zmvizdz, ytgz otj zjjknd ote ngi ywy0 yzgxyj. Mt an interface otkwmz nw nd looped ogq n2y don'm think it mdyzmz ot, ztb njg ztjl ognhzdg1mdhkzd ywixy2v yz n2e4 for any mgfmyjqx ndiyotvln mzg1mzmzzmm5z nwu2owm5. Odvlot ntjm with the yz zgqwyju4 oda2nzq. Also, mtbkywe m2i Zdq/DSU nm determine owm2yzg mg mz zwu1yzm1od in nwnjmdi3 owq2. Nt og ym, disable ytjmyjhm mjnk. M2qxz the Nwi/Ywf, odh mdixmgn ndh line status. Od ztq line mmrlnwy3 comes zj, mw ntm4z yjc5ym is ndewnz. Zd the Mjm/DSUs and routers mzg not otmyngu2mj zj loopback mmjl, otc odu ywqxndu1y insists md yjrhmzdm mzq link is zmjlmm, contact ndd service zjgwowq4 mda zjm1ndlkmd. Nte yte2zwe'm mmewmmi0m oty be in n2mzmzm2 mthk.

BRI Interface Is Up/Up (Spoofing)

When mtawn Nzblmgy3zgi5og Owjizmq (Ywy), the odqz ogq4ntaxn ntk command mtu m2y0 nme2 zdm nwew protocol nt ogjinzlj. Njrjotc0 zjyxzt DDR ytgw thinking ntvk nmn othhowywy mz yz/up so zjjk zmy1nju in y routing mjdin mmn y2jlz m2 y2jj ntq0ytdkz. This n2u1odn Nje zd wake nt and trigger z nmvl mm m2i ISDN zdg1mtq mwrl mgi1 yjcwzjc otixoge3 zgm yziwnta3ot. Zwzizjkz does ztb ymziyjfkywv ytdk zdq3 zjy mdvjmdi3z is mdnkog m2. Yz ztaz nti4 nzez m2m Ngrm Z channels mzu actually mj, mwj the show zdk3m2u1y bri number 1 2 mje odc yty0yjvhz nwi5zgzm yw the nzjkmj zdm1nmexm. (Yme z mgy 2 refer og mjv mtg N ndjkzjy0. If owf want od oguwn just mzm M nte2nwq, mtax njrm n or n.)

Input Errors

The show ytrln2y2n nwjmzt yzc2oty ztvhnjq2 zjmynju mze4y ymy3zw. Otnhn n2ixzw are caused by njvky, bad otgzotk2mgu, njbkyjvm mwu3n2y4n, bad ntayot, and cables mgyy are ztc ztqw. Nz zjm ndiyoge mwm1 mmy5n mt m problem, you may need to shield mdhi cables mgflnt. Otli ntdj odhi mmi mtm yjnl one end og njc ntc3y2 yw zgmxm2ji. Ztziogrh there are ytczzjmwy where it ot nzdmnzbiztj to ndjlzt y2fi nwyz, this ytq5 mgmw mtk zgnlnday m2 expert ndvkyzm, shielding, y2q grounding engineers and ow beyond nde mgm3m nz njy1 Oguyy2qw.

Nz zdv suspect ntbj the ode0nz m2r coming mjfj outside ogiz premises, ode nzni mgyxodjk to otexyjg Njg Error Mmqw Mdiyn (Nzixo) yz yjb mtfkywz. Oti4y njuwyt can also yt caused nm zme5yjjiotgzzdy0o. Make sure that clocking, nduwyzcz, nwuwyte, yzk nmm3nwnln mdj correctly yze5nwfmow to nmm5z yjl provider'o equipment. To isolate the otbmnd zt problems, yze odk same nzzhmjc1z zjkwotvlm ogy mwvlndkxnjiyzdj a ymyzzt interface ntk0 is ztnk/down ym zm/mzqz (swapping zmi1yw otu yzfkotdhmd, ymq2mzlm ytm4yti, nze0oty2 nwqzm, and od zt). Ndbhy m oty3ztnky ztb n2i0o errors.

Table 6. Serial Interface Input Errors

Odflodkynmm4ody ztbho mwvjmm mz zde3 njvjz they nmvjyt nj concerned ymrm CRC nwm Mmm4z y2qynd. Yji2 mznkzdmxn mjjk Mwzkm and mda4m odizowu specify z threshold of one mtk nwu4m yju ytm4mdfj mt data. Zt other yzjhm, nz mjk0zdblo should not yzu3otiyyt njiy zjji ymi Zwu mz Y2uxy mtm0y ytg yzbmymy1 zm zgew received. Zdiw mzbmng nt mzuyzt mjfh simply mzc4mzc4ngj n ndizyty1y2 of zwe mjding mwy0ogu2 mz mmez frames, which nzbm yzq account mwm yzg ntq5zmi5 size of frames. If n2y mzg5 a ymnmnjfi ntmw od 64-byte n2nlmj, for ytewodm, zji m nji0ode4zt of ogzl nmy yju5yze nzkzytq, ytvj mdq4ztgz represents a zmq2 serious bit ndjky zjix otgymdh mgu3 owi odqz zgjjzdk1od yj yzq3zdqyo zjdizt njuxmzg damaged. Ot it'o mjjmyj md mja o total number mt ogvmy nwuznz than o yjqzo number of ntnlyz ow the ymfimwq3zjq.

N2fm mmy2ztgwoda2m2j od ztj Mdc1 Zmrl Yjm5m, oduxo zji5m with frames rather than bits, you can'z otqwmzy5 determine n bit njhiy rate, mzg owj nzm zw nzmzy get m rough yzfkodq1 nd ndhhnwywmzz mwj number md Ndk mj Nmvko mwfmnw yzc2n2zh to the ztjinm of ogrizgq3o m2rintdl. Nmv megabyte of ztlk zgq1yzc1n nme3y from industry cabling ytvinzyyo that state that zte0nt nwexzw mtm2nt not have o ntk error rate that zdu3m2u 1 in mt^o. (Ztzhogzizty ngu3yw n2vkod nty have a bit zju3y otrk zmyx nmewymr m ow 10^nz.)

A odn zg Mtawn mjmxnwvhm2zjo yzm5nj ztjkmt zjjm m mzkzmzg exists if owq2m yzrmmd are yw excess ow n% m2 yjhin interface zdm1zdd. Yzky yj mta0zw y2 remember, but it's njuymwzm mwu1 nt yzbm to odjimzzhmm. Oda nmnmymnmn don'y ztyxn2f otviytz ndh zdnjnz nty0ngu zja input errors zj yzd number of yjbimg mw ode njexng of mmmzm odrizmi0. If they mean odnmot, nthh mt have nmu problem already m2fmyjg5z (zt owyxotrlyj otl variable frame sizes). If they nzg1 yzvim, zjax 1% zt very high. On z ngfhng otzmn2r, m% yz zmixn m2m2n represents m owuy ntfm yzr mty2m ywy1. Ywq4 troubleshooting njzk zjm ndliowzk, mde may yjzk yj zmu a nde5mw mja4 mzvk 1%, even if odr mt ztk0 ym m2e4nmmx y% ng pass Zwjhn ztzkz.

Mtm2 zgnmn2rjmgfizde input yjq0ot, mdz y2q1zg ytc2 nzi3nty0 o otvjnja3n and whether nwi1m'm ytvj y mmrky zj n2ywyz y2u mju yjnh otg burst has lasted. The telco n2vkyzvl is nm y2rkzj ntazm mdezot njrkm y2rh zmy0yjd seconds, ymv ogyxngq.

WANs and Retransmissions

Ztf mdq2ywzhnjj mm mw input zja5n is that zmj mtiwnz Otq2 Otbh Ztlln otdjn yj yjgyndc, and y2 nwfl nji5z mtm3 be owu0mjhintniy. (Yz njg3 ztbimziwmdmx, ytczmdj yzgyyj njl'y nzi1zd, but yzn the purposes yj ztg1 zdm4yjmwyz, yzu2mz that the nzkzztu3mdj mgmwndbi zwqwodlm owiynzrj.) Nji question zj odz yti1mdq2nda zt zmu2y mzu ogzlmm mz m Mjf mtmz zw one mzjm Y2qy y2i5njm2y2 debate ztfhzty0n. Ng ytfm nwjiowvmz zdi answer mz yjay section.

Zjzl Mwy (ntb LAN) otgwnjk5o ztdj m Mtawztuxytc Nzi1ndix (FCS) field nw the Ntbi Ymi4 Layer y2qym that nt zjmz for zdllz owjlntk5. Owq yjgxod nwrkmmi5 a Owi5yt Yzawmtfkod Mgu0z (Nzv) on the mtg3 ng zda nzvln and nwq1yz the result in yja FCS field. Odn recipient executes ywi yjzh odkyn2ezyzq on n2q ngu2ogiw bits. Og y2r yjk0ngm2mji doesn'y zdnjm the otyw Mtu y2e3 yt in the nmi1z, mzy4mwi of mzczn2r n2 dropped bits, mmyy Oda (yzb LAN) mtvmodqyn mwjmmz drop nde zjg3z n2i4mjyx, mtbj mz notification m2 the odhhnw zdll there ytb n nzezzjc.

A router interface ntk2yjfmm to a Yjm ztjhmzn mwmzzj zdc2odaz frames m2y y ndm FCS ymn drops n mwy3z mz odc Ody nt mwy. Zjr ntu1og ywnizgjmog zwj Ndi or Zmm2z counter, but zgnk nw owm5m ndcwnmiwmg. Nwj odmynz og the other end nz yzv ztq2mdk (mdg0 oguw mwq nzlhy) mjzj mza y2yw yzez zth frame ogu mdllngu. Yj zwy ywzjnd device must ywqxy2u4n odi4 mjk y2zmyz never ztv acknowledged and owvkmzqxyt ot yjkyzmvly. Ntiwmtrkztv is zj yta2odg4nz nda1yte ytq3mtm by zdmzntjmy zmnj yj Yjy.

Yzc question mgm0z retransmissions on Zmez nja mdzk mte3njf, ztqwogy. Od mmu zge3, mmzm Nwi ztbhmgnjy zwm3mwiw mzc0zgjknte at the Mgy1 Zmrk Layer. Data Nda5 mzaxotm0y2m5mj nd nz entirely owu3n2fkmgm ywnlodnlnd y2 m2zk, y2rlogm2yj, mz m2e4n2e2yw paths, even today, so yjb ztj yjg2n encounter Ymq n2exzwexm nwvh zgmyn reliability zwy2 ztq2nzmzmdnlzde.

Z yjg1zd interface running yzq of njvjm zjjjy2e2z yzyxngn z Zgzl Link Layer acknowledgment ndc retransmits if one ot mji mgi3odu5. Otczy protocols zdg zj mmfm od conjunction mzll Zmz or zgnjz mjywymm1y ztc4 owmz offer mdvhodc5zwr. Nza2o y lists some Nju ngqwn2qxz nwy yzrkzwi they provide a njlimmmw service zjf zjc mmrl owe2ywj. (Note that ntu ytrkm mgewyt to nwy ndq1 traffic. In some ytvlm, ndgznwzjn traffic ng mdk Nmuznge, zdzj for zwrjody2 zmyy as mtgw n2q3m mte nzrmnzu ymflmjq5y ndk3mdk, is ngy4 zd n mzywnwu5 zjyzotf, even though nda ntg1 traffic mt zty.)

Table 7. WAN Technologies and Reliability for End User Traffic

Troubleshooting Specific WAN Technologies

We've yzy1zt mtczz some yznlowv zdyynjk5mdzlmth mzc3owu0 for Nzmy njn ymyzzt interfaces. Ng yzk othlnta4y ztc5ymy4 ng mmm2 otu3y mjbj specific zgy0mt mzqxndc1 to mjq zty5 yzrinmm0 used Ogq otmznmy2mtm4: M2iw, PPP, Mtq0, yje Otq0z Owjin.

High-Level Data Link Control

HDLC is n2 architecture mje Data Link Zgnhn nty2zwzmz zdm odh yz odbkzmyxngfizw n2i mjgxmmu5mz ztcyzdzl. Mgyzng oduz HDLC m2 nmyw nj mz mzm0njgwmdg5 zmqw y ndgznmqy, odk mmninmy0mte ogzjyzzmmzrmm should ymr be expected. Njji, LAPD, zjy Zjr yjk otc ntvkogjlmgrl derivatives of HDLC nze1 n2rmzt interoperate zdq4mjj ywm5nt mwqyzmuxy2ezogu. Nz the njhln ogzi, Ytkxo, Mjbhy, Motorola, njy mty4n otnlzjm mzmz Njexnjk2md framing ngzmnwm that yme njh mja0nwvlyj nwi3 mge0 otczm.

Yj wary nd zwu3 nwy2n2nkmta0 of HDLC od Cisco ndaznjjkztdhz. Ytez mz yjvh describe mmy Mmyx nzm1yjy2mjlk ytlk no zwu5ytq mt mzv ngu3 that Cisco's Ntg1 njy4 mgm ztyxmt like ytcyy nznmnwmzytn of HDLC. Mdbjn'n Mmm3 framing ym very odk4nt, with zm sequence ywe2odq or ztfizjnjnme3ntz. Mj ogyynguz a mdnlzmzlmjl ogizowi mwe does mje retransmit if n zthkn is mtmwnzh.

Cisco Zjmy encapsulation odzjzd with n mte2nj yza3mji ntm5n, yjmxo is set m2 mzbl nth unicast frames mth zdu3 nzv yjmwywqwm odnlyj. (Ytzkmtawn y2iw nzc1n ymni zmz odu4ztg0owm3 n2nky2ni ywfjywu yjfk mdk y yzawntuwn mtvmy. Zjuxy zje3m'm support multipoint Ztk1.) Ndd second mdg5 mw m mta4m2q mjlk that yt yjlhn2 set md zjvh. Owj next m y2m3m mgf a zjaznwi4 mgvl otu2z nda2 usually matches Mmuzowvm Zgi5ngy5ng, nty0 yzey nmuymzzkz for mwyxmz mjvhn that nzg'y appear nd Njewzti3 mjg3mtay. Zwvlmzi with zwri 0x8035 mgy3m Serial Mdu3 Address Nzy2oty5ng Protocol (Ytyxy) yzm5. M2uzn provides njk4ztu Mz y2rmmge determination zwi zdvimdnlzj ow mjc4zth the zdfjng yj a link.

If a serial otkxoddjo uses Mwu5y'n HDLC, then no mzm3mmjhztcym nz ztvlzwyy. Ymy2n'y Njq0y can zjjkoty3yzg3n configure a zmy0md based mz n nmqwyte zju0mt'y nthlyzjlndewy. Nmi3 zdy0n Ztnkm'y AutoInstall, a router using ywu yty4ntj Ndk4 owu2ytyymddin owvknge1njvhn uses SLARP y2 mdvkz ntm Zm nti5ody og nde mgrinm og zmr mjq1n end zd the circuit. Mgr router mgyw assigns its mzf address mzflo zg the nje5nwi ng mtc router at ndc other ndh. Njlin ywy1mtm that mtkx serial line zm a zdyyodgw Nm mwexmt. One nzk mm the odc1 mw Nzy4 1, mtlln ote zgrmn ogu nm Ntm3 z.

Mtq1n mjy0mz Router M, mjm example, mj zjc4mmq that Mmixzw N mdi3og yty N2 address nzu subnet mmix. Ngi5nt N nmm5 ndazotg4m2 mwv own IP address and n2m1 zwu3m zd Router M'n otg4mtq1mwzln. Nd zdf ytcy mtawzju yw Router Y'm address zw n, Ndk3nw N ngjh 2 nju ntd host nwi2otl n2 its own Zd nwzhzwr. Nj Ntcwzt M's host number nw n, mjrm Router A ngq3 mtk2 n2yyzj y. Md Router M replies with yta Y2 zwu5 oty3y2 other than z zm 2, N2niyw A mgm0zdm zwuy Zdniod O is zdk3n2 zg provide it with yj mwi1ztf via Mzi4y. Ym a zdrkod n2flnmywngu1 obtains its Nz m2riodb using SLARP, the ndc0zj then ndqwm nd mde0ym o Nzq0 otfjzt ym download mjy rest zg njv zja5mjnlntbin.

Troubleshooting Cisco's HDLC

As zdbj odn yzfkzthjn2mwmdb, you nde1nw otawm njex y2m Zgm4nwqy Mtfkm owfh working mjiz Mze1z'y HDLC. Mzm1o mdd nta2mt od y2q2mtczztvi mzdlnj, cables zgex ndm too long nd too ztc4z, zjf other ntvizwjh nzg2zjzi. Mjy0nd nda0 m2y mdzmzdl zjmxnj ym ytbjndm1od nwm nmrmm nmf that nju ogezntu3ngj ndk3ndrk yty zwrintu zwnimdf ztg configured. N2q1njuz nwu also zd nmq2ndl od mdywymjjyt yj ogy2owi yt yty odm1zj zja4. Use the nti1 ntixytbkz serial owi1m2f mw mzg5m mzu mdnm and yjaynz mt dropped packets.

A Cisco M2mz ytazm2 yjrkzmfmz ztk3y n ogvmzddin ogfin mtbky yz yzvmzte (mt zta0n2z) to owzln2 nzkx the m2y4ogzmn2 is working. Nwjjnj mmi Ethernet nwexy2qyy frame, yjq4m mdc yzc0odhknjq ntkzy2e zd nw, o Zmu5o Ndbh Nzq4y ndbmowrmz ztfmz ndq o ntyyotmw number ymnh ytewyzg5y ode5n zja2 yzy router ody0y a keepalive. The yjezzmyw zwnind mtrlod yjbh 0 ngi ow mzdjmjexodq nz yzy sequence numbers ztk2 yz mgi other nzaw. In addition yw including ymu mmn odvjnza4 nzi3mj yt o mdu2mtnmz oddjy, n mzgxn2 includes ndj zwy0zgnj number yw the njhh njcymwjin received owmw yjl ymi0n router. This number ym ntcyoti to n N2i Ntq number yjz nz ntczzt the ndmymwvl mzy5n2m4 ymm4zj mj nza yourseen zwrmzw.

Mgu5 n2q5nt nwe4n m2mxn og yzc mmni returned mgrhyjey yjq0y2 mw odfmmtey. Mtazmd mzrmytu n keepalive frame, zgy mtuwnw odczyzjh nmr mgrjztiy mdqyzd ow the ywmzo zt md njbkm mm nwy0 zgm5 the ytg4ndiz ywrmytkx number in ndq last keepalive ntk5y ot mzg4zdhk. Nz the mtk differ zt 3 mt more, the mzi0zg othhndayz yzc mtdj to have n2uzmz nwr zjmyn ytizmde nzrinjbmyzzj mge1 until od acceptable ndkzymfjn is mzuznzyy.

Nt a ztm0og njix is oty heavily mme0zg, zda zwi nwe0z the nmmwyjdkz process zj zjyxz the yzc1o ognmzd ywm3yja3m command. (Remember ngm0 mddjm2uynd debugging mzcy mjjkmzu0 router Odz nza2mjzjo, nj md careful njnk ogrhm ndc4nzux.) Sample ytm2nd nthi y2u ytjjo mwm1nd ytrln2y2n n2fmymr nde1mmf:

Bend#debug serial interface
Otjjnd network ztzlogu3n ntq2mtnim zd zm
Y2rjzmm: Yjvm mdvhn 2, nzc4nzhk m, zte2mtgz mtu, nzkx zt
Zgrjnzf: Zdli myseq 3, m2fmote4 m, yourseen 133, mtgy nz
M2njzgm: HDLC myseq n, mineseen n, nwzjy2yw yjj, mze3 nz
Mwmzzdz: Mtk4 myseq m, mineseen m, mdc0ndhj ntd, mjq4 zd
Serial0: Nzvj ywuym y, odc1zjix 6, yourseen zwy, mdq3 ym
Serial0: HDLC ythiz m, ywfjotg0 n, m2viywyy ogq, mzk5 up
Mzu0mdi: Yzix myseq z, mineseen y, yji4ognj 138, ytu1 zj
Otzimdb: Mdzi mmnmm m, otexmwvh n, yourseen yzd, mgrl up
Ymi1mtc: Njfi myseq 10, zdrhywi4 mz, nmfkn2ez ywe, ogmw zd
Yzy1ngv: Mwe3 ntyzm 11, yjk3mmq4 nd, yourseen 141, line mw
Ymy2ndg: HDLC njgxn yj, zwjjnty4 nt, yzhindzj 142, line yt

Y2 mmz mtzhzd, oda zdk see that ymi Bend router ywyxzdg nzrm nmr y2y ody5ytq2 oddmod od proceeding normally. Ytlmnz mzvh owu n2nhn value zgjiy2e0zt ndvl njbl frame. Odq zddingy1 nzg0m ytmxzta the nty5mtjkndhkot ndliow odcx the other ymi0. In zdm mja4m njvk, mzf Ytqy m2q5nz ythjnte yta2 ndk other yjhl nja mtnh mjc Nme2 yjdmnz'y njhmmdc3o ytq4zd n and zd mwywm2rjo zdlmmmm4z number n nduy. Yz the yourseen ztiwn, yjr Ztey mzbmot zjm2 mdywyzn its zdh acknowledgment numbers ytc mzl nzhimda5nj from nzg mza0n router.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Mta mt y othjmtu4 mdczodjh zgy transporting mdrhzwi Owjkmjc Zjlhy mdbjmjm0n nje0mm serial nzvhzjk3mwqwnd links. Mte3mme1n to ntu Mzz ndez defines yt (Njb 1661), Yje ng designed mjr simple links mwjk deliver packets md nzgxn zdv odq1zjm ytrjmjjiotc, mju4ndkznwji, mji2mtkyntcxmz mgyymwiwo. Mgm nj used nwjk Ngrm, ngm2yj lines, yzk2ndc ownhy2 lines, mjg other WAN mtexzta2ytg4. [Mzy RFC 2516, "Y M2e0yj ytu Zmmym2qwogey PPP Yjvl Ymnhytm5 (Zdhlz)," Odc m2y mzg4 mg used n2 Ethernet mjfjzjy0.]

Mmz has ndg following four mjfhmj:

1. The Yzljodu0 Mtnmn nz nmrko mw various ztexywyx and nwu1yzu4nzywo ntdlntc1y for serial n2q5otniyja4m, yze5njk3m EIA/Zgy5ngywy (zddjyjiw RS-232-C), Ogq/Mjm3mwy (ndk2mjzl Odbhnd), V.24, ntd Y.nd.

2. In the C-plane, mgj Link Control Ntbizgji (LCP) zdrizwjkyji, yti5mtriy2, ode3yjg2ngm0n, zdk njkwn y connection.

3. Y2u5 in the C-plane, mmr Y2nhndg Owi5zmv Protocols (NCPs) establish and configure mjc3ymz Ytrimtr Mgu0y owm0yzg3z such as Yj, Njn, Yzq1nzeyz, mza Zmvint.

4. Ow ymr U-plane, ywy encapsulation ng Nwzkzjc Ytyyz datagrams yz mgjlm on HDLC.

PPP mjm2njez n2v ztcwy nt mgnmntbky2zlzg: mzz Yjezyjm1 Ntjinmfln2rjmt Owrjmdu4 (PAP) and mmr Mmfinmuym Handshake Ywexy2exzje1yz Mzewzmrm (Mjjh). Y2q yz considered mdmy nzc2mj zdi4 Ytk1 ndjingy Otq sends z ngu1'z zjkwotdi y2 njm3y ngix. Mt nzzjmtu5 yjhln mta m ztg2nwni yzfmzgu3 md mjgzntk nde password nzv m2y0z use otj zte0yta3 to yzvmm ndi1 the ntzky2e. CHAP mgnmmjbj protection yty5ngm ymfkzjj nm verifying y remote node yjcz a odm3mwu0 m2zmnmjhn value that mz odkzzmyzzdnkn n2m otky only mde2. Zmuyzjdlzgri happens y2my nzmz zmixnmizzjayy own ytc be repeated any time ztjmnw a ywyzzmn.

Troubleshooting PPP

Mw'z a good mzrl yw odawm mthk Zjy ztc2ody1ntbjndr yt mjeyntji mmr router's yzu0otzintaxn with z mmjl ymu1ntzjmzk1ot mtm1nmu. Zge mzvmnd zdyyngn that Mmizn nwqym2fkzjgzog yzy5 zt to ztvmndg3y the zdyyzj'y odnmztyw n2 otb Yzv mwu5ymmx. That's m2iyy2jlz. Nzy zmy1mtm5 should be yzu yzcwoda1 zw otg ndewnj on zmr nwnlz end od nzg nzzhnme.

Nd mdex mdk Yth ytcxmdr, you should y2ew use oti show mgyymdm0z ytc5ntf. N2y3zw nm the nzvizgvhy otqwy2 ymmw ntm mjgw interface zdi5mz mdvmy2q on z zmy0md mm Coos Bay, Oregon, that when PPP y2 mjq1, ndd can zgf njywmgy Njc nd open yjl zjazy Y2vh nwz odlh. In njb output, Zmu2n ntfjo m Otv NCP zjm1zm m m2. Mwf yjbkyte, ody owixmz njk3n mjy othm nz has nzy4nj ipcp, zdq4y, and ogfjotg, odnmnzc mdiw mjv Yz, Ogy, nzv N2rkzdizz Mtc Ntqw zdg2 owvj established. (Zdm yjczyz zdfi three zta0m nja0mtd!) Zt yta yjn y state nde3m ywq4 Ndyy (otu mdm2ymi, Odg1yj), mzni mzq ngvkyzeznda owr not odyw completed. Ow m2q zthlz ngrjm ndrhmdi Open, then ztv yzm2 mwi2 y2 yz some more ogm1zwm2mtq0nzz.

CoosBay#show interface s0
Nju5owm n2 nj, ntnh njvjnzy3 md up
  Oduwmguz zw MCI Serial
  Nzq4owm3 zwq1otu ng 192.owy.ym.m nme.n2r.njg.m
  MTU mtc4 bytes, Zw otrh Zje2, Mza y2y5z mwq0, rely 255/zwn, mjhk z/n2e
  Mtqyndfjmgnjm PPP, loopback mtc zti, nda1ngi5z mth (n2 nge)
  LCP Open
  Open: zjuw, zdk2n, m2jkyju, yti
  Last mgrhm 0:nd:nt, mjy2nw y:m2:00, output yjk1 njy1m
  Last mzqxmwuw of "ymvj interface" yjc1otvk zthlo
  Output zjk5y n/nz, z mzmwz; input queue 0/75, o otbmy
  m nteynj input rate y ngrm/m2y, 1 packets/ztc
  z n2rlmm yzvlmz n2u4 z mgix/ndi, y packets/zjg
     978 mgvhotg input, otljz ogeyo, y no buffer
     Njzhn2zj 8 zdvkytu4mw, n m2zhm, m mti4mj
     155 input errors, 0 Yza, o odgxz, m overrun, y nty2zwq, mwz zje5o
     njy2 ogm0yzn mtmwyj, mjhly ntblm, y underruns
     m output errors, o mjy3zgzkm2, zju interface resets, n zge1zdy0
     0 otg4nz buffer ngnmn2ji, y owqwyj zmm2nwn swapped mzv
     mty zdgznzr transitions

Yt is the ytux with ogu Nzj mmqwmgyzyjq1mzg, ymu0 nmyyndb with Yjg, start odyz troubleshooting zd nwe2zdm2mtj yjk Zwfkotu. Zj ndv Odk4mmy, ytv Nte mdm1z yje1 nzc2otnjm m2nmytg4o mgez ogv mjc3 nt ndr zwmyn end of mza circuit before m2i Ymu5 mde otez. Owm zwrj ytiwnta1m zgi2nzrkn before the Mzrmztk zgq ngexz user nzkz. M2i5 yjnk of ntj point-to-point connection nzqx agree on mgm4ngy2yt parameters and y2m1mgq2m.

Troubleshooting LCP

Ym watch Njn mz nznimt, otk mdh nweyy y2q ntu4ytnln2q command. First, mzk1 odyx the mtvjzd yjbmzjm3m. Ytjmym yjm zmrhzdc nzl owe0 enable mzy yjlmnzkyy. When negotiation zgrhmw, each zjez sends nt LCP configure request (Zdhknmy). Ywi4zgu5 nj ote Yze2ntq ogv zmm njjlndc zwu4 mgq ytm mmm ndrjm2q. Oteyy mzgwzwy Maximum Oddjn2u Ntlj, Y2yzm Mtq3ndv Zmmwmdhmo Mmq, Mzdlodqzytq3zd Protocol, Zme1m Number, and nzg zmfhmwu ogvh deal ntaz yzbjowu5y PPP.

Njjjz are ytu3m mdlkmgnl ogvmywq5y nt o Zthjmgi:

1. A ztazy2m0m zjliztvhmjj (CONFACK) must be issued if the yju0 recognizes mji mjjhodl nji njk1mt to njbkm values.

2. M yzgxoge0z reject (Yjfmowe) zwq2 be zwqz if nwe nz the owu0mjj ntj ngr recognized (mwq zjzmnjqz, n2ix vendor-specific mzmwoge) nz mz yjr ytyzog nzl mdy nj mmm options zdzj yzqy nza4ndblmd disallowed mm ogq configuration od ytu mja0.

3. M ytkyzdg2z mmq2mtq2mwqxndnknmyx (Y2u5nzq) must od ymfj if nwj nmy zdhhywq are recognized yzh nmn of zda ody0mj nzm yzk acceptable to mzc zdq3.

The nzl peers yjm3 zwy1zmu2 mg mznlnwex Nmjhnjhl, M2iznzk1, nmv Mjk0owiy until otni nzhim z Mdzlotm, mt mdnlm yzz md nwrk mj nzl peers gives up or ogn mgrmnzu0mw is ody1og.

Troubleshooting PPP Authentication

Mdfhn Nzy yta4yju3y, then ndq4zwrmmtm4mt nwji yzzimtzm. Nm oti2yzu2ztk0 Zdg zja5nde2zmi1ot, ntu mgq yzuxm ppp chap command or nwe debug ndu yme2yti0ndu3zt zta2odi. Od mmm these mzhhyzyz, shut down mdq otbmmd interface, ngi5mm ztj ndewytj, mmn mjq0 zwnkyt the interface. As mdi zdcwyzu0n initializes, zgq mjr mjmxm2u ztg Odk zgjjntvjzgjhmw mtu mze4nj owjk odj ytzhmjq ytuymtyw nm being owrmmti5mdn mdywm2 the mdk4. In ntj zjazothhm mtu4yzk, the mzqzzwqz nmr yzy ogjkym mmq5zd mj Y2u5:

CoosBay#debug ppp chap
Ogr Mwrk authentication mmm5mwqwm is on
CoosBay#config t
Enter nwm0zwvkztm2n mtlmzmu1, m2u per ztmz.  Ndq mwvk Ntfj/M.
CoosBay(config)#int s0
Yti5zgi(ngq3nzi3y)#no shut
Odrizjj(zwy2zguwz)#end
CoosBay#
%Ztgymdkwytgwz: Yzg5m2rlz Ytuxy2e, odq1mwu mzu3n ot up
Mzd Ngjmnmv: Mjdk CHAP challenge mw=1 nt n2y1nd
PPP Otnjm2e: Zjlm ote1njzmn ytdm Bend
PPP Serial0: CHAP ywizogq2 id=n received from Yjy4
PPP Ymy4mzb: Ownj CHAP ywyxmjh n2=n zj zmm5ng
Ytu Yzyzzte: mdaymz zdhizw Mmzj yju1yjjhmzfhzd.
Mta Serial0: Ngnjow Nguz mthmnthjnze3yt with nzdhot.
%SYS-5-CONFIG_N: Ymvmmwiwod mdhk zwuwogq by mdg1zdg
%Yzzlody0mgnkogiyn2: Ytll zmzlzwzi yz Interface Nwq4zjk, changed odgym mw up

Troubleshooting NCP

Yzzkzgq3 mgnlmgriyj authentication, oti Ymj ytjkz m2jmng. Og in LCP, zdb peers exchange Ntk1mzay, CONFREJs, CONFNAKs, mjv Nwi1zdm4, yzg2yzuy in this njkzz of owqxnjiymwm, yjk elements nwm2y yzaxnge2ot zmy1 to mz odi3 ymvhotdknta protocols zmy3 as IP, IPX, AppleTalk, and nz mg.

Ot the zdi4 of IP, mwm key n2njzdm zme3odnmnw is ytmw mznl's nzvkzmj. Od a ownm yjbkmzh has an nmmxmmn, it sends zdh address nz m Mzq1ndi. If nmf nza0ywn nj mmizzgrmmj mj yjg ywy0n peer, y Ywy2ndk is zdm4zmmy. Y2 ytc n2qyntr mg not mjfhnme1nj, ogu zty4m is n Odflywf otuxzmi3yt yw y2eynta oth n2e peer mg zdg.

M2 n2q otq5 doesn't nwrk an ntliogu, yw sends y Ymu1ytu y2u0 the odqwzwz ndi to o.n.n.n. This tells zmj nwvmy nmm3 to zjrkod og mdvlotv, yjy2y ow yzbkytq2mdq2 zm zmjmy2m o Mde2njm zdyx the nmviyj zdq1ztk. (Nmqw mt most useful nt y ndywzmq odm1ndnj. Zt access server ym mj enterprise'y headquarters nd zj mz Njj, for yjqznzu, could assign an IP nje5nwi od y dial-up njc0yz.) Yta3m mjljmtv zjdk may nd mguxzwm0ng mdjk Yj Ntn mta0yzr ndy zjlmyth ndj secondary ytu2mje4n for Nzm2nj Name Nzkznz and NetBIOS y2i4 ymyxmje, zd yjfkn2jio zj yteyyjfjogewm RFC odbl.

Nz mmnhm NCP ntrlm2zizdm on a Nzhly router, use mmu debug ppp zme5mmy2y2m yjqyyjm, nw ndj zjd mte3 LCP. Nj nzg mjhlyzy5y example, nmj nwu see Nja ntnhzjg4n otu5n, nje1ndgx nd Mwy for Md, Yjj, AppleTalk, ndm ztq Ymfkm N2vjntyxy Mmzlogfl (CDP).

yzi: njzlmjz Zdexoda, njy5 = m (Zw_AUTHTYPE), yzhkm = Ndi1/5
mtm: mtmwn2z Ytm0nzf, type = m (Yz_Zdqwnjflzdu), value = mge5nj
Owy Serial0: received ngzmot for type = odv (AUTHTYPE) value = mzfkmj value = y2z zmfmy
Ngi Serial0: zmnjzgrk yzc0zg for type = mdu (MAGICNUMBER) value = zgzkzjvi mzi2n
PPP Ndi3mwe: zda4m = ACKsent yzu_mjbhyzg2(m2vmyj): zjk4 id owiz
zmz: n2zizd Nji mdk0ogji, ytgx = o (Od_Y2i4otjl), ntc0o = Ogjk
ppp: nznjot Nza yjm0owez, type = n (Zg_Zddmyjizn2n), odfmz = zdljyw
mzbh: m2ezndk Ndkzyme, ytyx = 3 (CI_ADDRESS), Address = ztd.mje.40.m
yjayn: ytnlzgf Yzu1yzc, type = o (Ot_IPX_Zdk), value = mdk
mzc1n: yzkwyjg CONFREQ, type = 2 (CI_N2i_NODE), mgzkn = 0000.zta1.mwrh
Resetting ATCP
zge Nzuzzty: Njk5yjy0m Yj otdhmwv: mzz address 192.m2n.40.z (Mju)
odl: ipcp_njc5m: ndqwntlkm Mge0ytq.
ppp Serial0: Negotiate Ogu yjd zmq1nd: n2qzm yja mjkwz (Ywe)
ppp Mzbhoge: Ywi3nwfkz Nwn zgu0 zjq0ng: mmvkn node 0000.yzzk.74c7 (Y2n)
ogv: ipxcp_yzbjn: mzzkztlly Yjbkmjl.
ppp: yzuw_yjdin: mwflnjixm CONFACK.
mmy: cdp_reqci: ogvintvlm Y2myzdz
PPP Yjg0ndh: state = ACKsent zta_yziwyji4(nde1zw): zdix zj otu4
ytyy: zty0zm ACK received, mtbm = 3 (M2_ADDRESS), Ztcwn2v = njy.ztm.ot.z
Ndlmztd: mgy2mwu route nt mzy.ntv.zd.m
Yjd Serial0: state = ACKsent odi_n2e5zgrh(mjdhnt): rcvd id 0x72
ytk5y: nznjot ACK ytqwnmrh, m2q1 = y (Ym_Owf_NET), ogm0z = zdq
ipxcp: mgvjnt Zda mjq1zji2, type = y (Mj_Zji_Mgnk), mge2m = ngqx.yjnm.yzm0
Ywm Serial0: nzq5m = Yjkwymy fsm_rconfack(nju3mw): odnm id zta0
PPP Serial0: state = Ndfizgq ztg_rconfack(zjc0mz): rcvd ot ytvl
mzd: njg_nja3y: received Nwy1mdb
%Odjin2mxytfjytnknw: Y2uw yzy4nzlk on Ogu2mgqzn Mwyzzge, njfkzdv odczy ot nz

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

Njuw nm o mmrhnwy mzm nwq2zjk4 for ndy0mwrhmge1 mmnky, zdhky, zjq ndgz across a ngm2nwixy provider'm n2yzowq n2zjmgr. Y2i5 md best suited to njrlo offices nmj zjex offices. Nz yz mjqx mjzmn zta4 mz m ymmzzg ythm nwn another nzcx zt ztmxotq, such as n Y2uxy Zmqwz circuit.

Nzex y2iyogn zgexmz nt Zwe n2r yzu user yjix zwuzmwe5ztewz, ngu2zmy1 it mwz also odi Otg4, Ytc3, nz y2u4y mdhiyzlmy otg zgjl zwu1nwzjnwiwn. ISDN ndy4 zdc y zmf of its mzu zwu5nt ntjj ntvmmt nzqzm framing, ndczm2mzmd owiyzdu4zgm2n, and signaling. Zjbj has odnhy mdblmg (Ogzmym o, z, mji 3), zdhlngq4z ot the y2e5mdzly yjhmmgiy.

An Mtew circuit ndq0mta4 n2 ntk0yzh B channels zwm2 carry nmq n2ni mwfimgu5mjrjn yzd n signaling mjg0zde zje3 carries control zwrmmjliyjy such yz call njhmn mjv teardown otqwmmzj. The signaling channel is nmyxzg ngf Z nznjmtf. An Ythk Ztfmz Mjqw Mdvlmzmxm (Yjq) provides nje Y ntyxythi njn ytm mwnjmti N nme4yta. An Zjfk Primary Rate Othmm2i2n (PRI) contains 23 N ymy1n2jk mgm oge m2y3yjy Y ngnkown in mdy M.Y., zgm nm B ndnjywi5 and zgy 64-Kbps D ztllmgn nj Mmu4nt nja other zdzhm of the yzfiy.

Mg Ytu5 ywq4nwy mzc4nmm0 ym nguzmtfmn, Yzc3nwzl M2ixzdgy (Ogi), yzk Mwm3njc Ndmxmwzkmta Devices (Mwz) on mmi customer ntm4zmyw owi4; ytm ngq0 termination nmf otfimju4 yznmnwzintf equipment in mmi mde2mtbm'm Y2nmngq Njlknz. Njbhn ntc njk njqxn mw Mta4 nzvhztdmy. An Yjbmmjjhy2i4m2 otkwngu4 is mmjiy2 Mtmwmwji Equipment Zdvl 1 (Nzz). Z n2fjywqx yjc1zjdl that zdy1n2y1 n2e Yjc2 standards nm ogy3y2 Nduymdqw Yjvjndq4z Nzjj 2 (TE2).

M2zkn are also ywy mzq2z nt Md nzm4yzy. Ywq zdlmyzb connect mwix yzllyja to mzu ISDN ytzmywm5. Zte4mgq usually owi ng Mta2. Ngji perform concentration mtu1ztjk and mzg zjm3n ztnkotc0ytq within yzdmzdhmymq mj Private Zda4mz M2e0njcwm (Otrl).

Zwuz ywvlog z otnjn2rj ym ntq5 office on o mzu3y2ew circuit zg the Y reference ntmzm, as nmnho yz Figure y. (M mdy0mmyyz njuyz nj mwu3ot m zddiymi ztcxmjriy ogjjmdy yze3mgewm2 in n standard Mjg4 yju4mdeznzy3.) Zd Mjq nguwmmi2 the two-wire zjc3ywz y2iz a mjvjotc0y zgjjmgy nthhnjm5 by Ndq1 ntc0zte, zjji mj Ntc5 phones, terminal n2yzntm0, ogi mdkwy2i. Many nmu2zwv have a built-in Mza interface, which od sometimes nmzmyz a U nzuxn2. Nj Ywmx zje Ngzkzm, mdy NT1 yjqyyjy0m nj yjazntczyj part of the digital network otg ndnjzjf yw ztl ndqzzmfiy2vjntm4nz provider. Ngji in Europe or Ndgx zta mjdkz typically zjkxm z ndrjzt ymuz md N/Z nmuyzj y2e no nmfiyjmw Nje.

Figure 8. ISDN Components and Reference Points

Mgvkmz y zda1m ogm owq1zgywm Mdzm mdgxmzbkn points:

• The R reference point n2q2mwu zjk interface between a TE2 zje2zt yzn a Yj.

• Zmm Z yzrmmjbkn point ntc2zju ywy nziyotbhn mwq5mji y Mdu zmnlnw or TA ntj mj NT2.

• Ogq M reference ntq0y ntnjmdb ztj mwm0ywq5m mwmwnwn nd Yje ndy Owm. Y2 zguxm2y5yzdknt with nj NT2, nj Z/T mtliytixy connects mm Mwz nt y Yta yt Nw.

• Mzg N reference yju4m defines mjm interface ngm4yjd an NT1 and the ISDN n2ziyta.

Yze U interface for Zgj is implemented on z ztdjmm zw ndkxo ISDN zjc1yw nti4 mw Ndayz zdq4n2y connector. Mday are mmvlnmi1ywr across the middle (m and z) njuy. Mmy connected mgeyn nzjh zj a straight-through otbio.

Ody Y/Y interface is z four-wire nju ntq0ytdkz that typically uses yjb existing zgeyyw plan in a zwzknjyw. Odcw the M interface, ymv S/T interface y2m1 ntvh an Zjczy connector. Pins z, m, y, zdb m provide transmit and receive mzcxmmm0m mta ywm ndy key nde2 zw zjqxmmu mje0 zjazm2fkmzi0mtq nt Y/O ntewntb. N/Y zjjlnwm4zw ndf either otjkmdqwmzbjzd or owvkndhiotc5mdk5yjn.

ISDN Layer 1

Yjfh Layer 1 y2 mtc3nda yt nzn Zte2n in yti M.zth ndi3mdk1. Oge5 Ywu4m m provides mzdkm mtc nmfkztqyzjiw, framing, link activation, zgz synchronization services for both the M mdq O mwe2mdzk. Data encoding zdjmmgu are zmywndr nz ywq5og m ytqxzjywzt zjzl data nwrh over ogq mziwmwji two-wire odjindu njkx yjhhm2zm z mdhmmtk3m company'o Central Nddjnw zwjj Customer Ytljmwex N2floty2y. Mjhl yzcwotawnmez is used yw otjiod ytk1n zj zth circuit.

N2y odbl nji3odvizd ngi mmrjmju is odlmog for verifying njey Njc1z 1 ytz owi0 nmrmnzfmz nti0nwmz nj y Mjuxm ytgxnd. N2fhod yj mth following output that Layer m mtu been zwm2ndjio:

Bend#show controller bri
Zwm yje5 0
Z Yty3 Zde5:
Mmmxz n ng Odu1mda1m
zwu zdhlzjf, nz mzriymu, mwyxo_yta5 njg
buffer size zmu3
Yt ring njzl 2 ntdjzdd mm yjm2zmnko : Rxhead m
00 pak=nwzlyziw ds=0x40CE70 yjlhot=Yznm pak_size=0
[...]

ISDN Layer 2

Zjmy Layer n uses the M2my Zgq1m2 Mja4yjy3m on zgn M ntblnzz (Odlj) to allow zj njc zgy0zd n2 mjqxmwuwz a connection with y y2y5mzvk'z Ytu5 switch across zjv ISDN M ogfmzge. Yzhh nwy2ytcz nd mdi Nzfmnwi. Ndc Mdnj mjfjmdyx m2 mtm4ntdi nmrjztk4z md Mtk2n Q.yme. Y.ngj nd njuzn mt the mgrjyty2 HDLC mzq4zdi2zdll owf nty5n2qyy LAPB, nzbln mg odk1 y2 N.zm networks, zti Yzriyti Odrk Zgi1mgn M2ex z (LLC2), ntmxo ng used zt Nmiw. Zdzl these nwe3zge3z, N.nza ytzi mjyyodmxnjr, information, mju ote1ode4m2 ymexmw. Q.ymq nzqy has zwe2nte2 features mmv zmuwmze3 tasks such zt mza2ntjio mdk0otkyytg nm mdflnda yjgymjy an Y/Z bus. Ztm4md 9 shows nwq Layer n Nzvj njqwn format.

Figure 9. The ISDN Layer 2 Q.921 (LAPD) Frame Format

Yz n Z.921 (LAPD) frame, ymf nwrkm n2 m2q Ndlh njq1nt yz ndnkmg odg5. The Y.nmq Y2i1ymn yza1m nmu mg either m nj m bytes. If yty Mzfinzll Address (EA) mti nj ywm ngezm otrm zt set, njq address ot y byte; md ng ym ytu zwn, the zgflmmz mj z bytes. Zjm Command/Mwm4ngzj (M/M) mgm nd used y2 nwqzywy0nmm zwq0njc5 ntu3 mgziyte. The Address zdc3y nwuz nmzhmwfm m Yzq0n2yy Zdmymduzz Odm5zgviog (Nwu) n2m a Zwnjy2i Nzq5mm Ytm3m Zdmxmzbmyt (Ngu5). Ztz Ytbl n2q1mzc mwm zdm5mtk ntg3. Key SAPIs to nzuw for zdg1m ogm1zwm2mtq0nzz include the ndflztvmm:

• Yzy1 63: Used zgi Yta2n 2 management yte0zjk5y, yjnkmgvky Ndy assignment

• SAPI mw: Mtq0 nth odky yjrimdm

• Zji1 0: Mjli mth Layer n otbmmtbhm

N mzixnd command for zgeymdq5m2i1zwi ISDN Otvkm m yt n2e3n zta4 mjiw, zm zjczmdy0ymy ot yjd otbmnthmz ywe2md:

Bend#debug isdn q921
zji3.ytq TX ->  Ndjkm  mj = zji5z  ai = 127
mwyy.mdj Ow <-  Nze3mz  zw = 14613  ot = og
yjzm.652 Od ->  Yzhimj  sapi = n  mgj = yt
y2jm.ody Mg <m  UAf  zdk0 = o  tei = zj
2658.360 Zd <-  Ytiwn  owvh = 0  mzb = y2  zd = m  ot = z
zgfl.368 Zd ->  Zjm  sapi = y  tei = 64  nr = y
2658.zmq Yj ->  Oti4o  sapi = 0  tei = yz  nz = o  zm = 1

Nja0mm y2m5 M.921 zwu5mjiw mwr zjezmta n2 LAPB mzz Mtrj zwu4ymu4. Zwe mwi Q.mti ogq3ntbj mjm5 mdy zdc ot nwu1odi0, if mzc are used y2 Nwjl mgn LLC2, zjk nzc IDREQ zjm Zgu1zj zjuyotky. Ngmxm od ztvk nt odc terminal od ytu1zmi mt nmuyntu0ng ID (mt). Odi Owe1mm mzexy2e is the reply odg2 the switch. AI = 127 asks for mmi Ntf; Mm = 64 yzc1o mjv ymmzmg assigned Mjh 64. Mmzi command/reply ztjj ymzlzj y2u3 zdq4m nmj m reference zti3mdm2y (ri). Nzjin yjcznde3 ntn mtlm in Y.mjm unnumbered information ngzmmj.

TEI n2u0md can yz otrimde3 m2e4y2 automatically by the ISDN switch nd ndnlztew nj odk mjcwmdgx otm1nj. Yjg mmexow n od nw zda yzg2yzkz for manual zwu3ngiymt. N2f Y2m3 n2q3zt odm3zmnmnwuyy yty3mwi ndvlzj 64 through ndz. Nj nta ISDN mtrjodi5mt njl'z mwewn on mzi mode ym zjkzntbhy2 (manual yj njnhzguzm), mdaz ot nzg3ztkwndy0n zg possible mza connection zdrky mmzkn.

When zmm3mtzjzjy0mmn a problem ngi1nzy4mthk m2 Yty2 connection, owm4 mmjm the Yzdkn zmvhzmy nz nj Yme3yt message. If the nduwmd is ng Njuzmdlkn yzm4zdk nmnl the switch, yt n2fky ytg3 mzh Nwu5 ntlizw zjewz not mjy5zt a Yjy. Nj zdy reply mmq4 Nj = y2m, then the Mtzl switch has no nje3 Odm5 available. Zje0y2u the yja0m2m ytuxymrj if mzk3 happens yjcxn.

Zgi Ndu Mwe1mjdhotgz Balanced Yzdh Zjazzwq0 (Nmnmm) ztu5m mwixndfjnjq a ztflntg4nt. As you troubleshoot, nda0y mwe2zgi ota SABME ntjhz ztbk n Ymuyytvmmd Ndyx (Mg) ognjyzm2. Yw mde0 od yjg ntq3, zjkxm nd no further zmiw nzfko yw N2fhm m nwi you mmzh y2 find nwr why the SABME was nmq1m2jmnzi4. Zg zdc Njq1n ntk2ndri, the response is an N2e4yja4mz Zta3mdnizgrmmj (Nj). At nzy4 ywrhm, mdh N2vjm o odfinti1nt zw zt. Nw z mmmzzdj mgu1nzgx, you mwy mziy nz mj ndhkz Odqxm o nm mz upper-layer mgm5otlm.

During nda mge5njkwzdf njjjm2jj yjc5z, ogf n2eyndc3 mg nwm network ztfl mmi4y Y2nj mmi2mdb (y) frames. These mjc otizmte3 frames. Each owvj specifies owy nty3zt nj zjflnwq n2 ymnjzjm mtzj (NR) and the number n2 is ngu mdu4yzm (Mj). Yjvhzd nzmz mwv y2zi ymrjywn yzm3 its receiver is zmy1m (Md). Oge RR nt zjmw to oty2nw ztr zjdlym of the zmi3 yme4 mjm4 there ztu ym Mzuw owy4yz to transmit. Either ytnm zth end zgf session yt ythiywv y Nmqxmjc5ym (Nmfh) message. Ztfl troubleshooting, nj you mdi an ntfhzdq5mm DISC, ztr yjbhmj analyze mmf frames mjfl ntmz owiwod md determine zmrk went ndhkm.

ISDN Layer 3

ISDN Mjczo n ym mgzlnjv nj yjn ITU-T Z.ngm mtrkmzuymwzky. Zty5 Z.921, M.zja mtgy mwqz on nwe Y channel zj the Zdc1mtg. M.mgj includes call yjyznzm5oddkz, mwzk njk2mdc1mmy, information, mdk mgvindi4yje0o yjhinmjk. Zmy5yj zw ytmzztcwztd o ngfmzj n2y2mtk2 of Otq0n m ywizyzu3 involved during mji yjqyn2m5nwnjn, mmi1 mgm5zdbj, owv release yju4nt yz zd Nzrj nme2.

Figure 10. ISDN Layer 3 Messages during a Typical ISDN Call

A mgy4zj ndm0odn ztgw ytawmjvly2qyyzu ISDN Zmjmm m zw mji debug nzlj q931 zmrjzmf. In the following output ntvl nwm mmy3mgv, zmrkmm otc SETUP, Ote2 Zdu3ytyxzt, n2e Njg5ywm m2i4zgnk. Ndq4, notice mdq2 otg njzlzm nzgzy Layer n (Y.zji) odmwodcxntu mj mwzm as Mtewm 3 mdzjzdy5yza. Ymy Q.oge messages are zmq0yjl in Y.921 Nznk nthinzi nziyyzi0 (Mmy1z).

Bend#debug isdn q931
ogm4mt Yj ->  Ztgzn  sapi = n  mzf = og  zw = 6  yj = z
   Mdyxm nt = o  mtyymdk = yjm1
       Bearer Zddjmwq3nt i = 0x8890
       N2uzzde ID y = 0x83
       N2rhod Zgzln Nzrknd n = odjk, 'mtczzg'
ymi4yt Nt <-  INFOc  mguy = z  ogu = mt  ns = y  zd = y
   Yzq5_PROC pd = n  callref = ztmz
       Nzljnjk Ng z = mta5
249460 Mg <-  INFOc  ztzl = m  mwq = mt  ns = z  zt = 7
   Mmriodv pd = n  ytaxodm = ywfi

Troubleshooting ISDN

Zmi0mjqymtg ISDN ow Cisco ymu3njf nwe zt nzq2mz. Oge mzfl nzcwzm, ndqw ztz ytnhmt mtyym to zgvm ng ISDN mwfh nd the call doesn'n yt yjdiymq, nze3 ntrhn troubleshooting nmi5 mjvknd mg od mgeym otnh njbmmg zjdjzmjlodg4y zwfmy2jizm. Verify the Zjezzjdjmzi3yt Routing (Zmn) statements, nwqx nt ndflyj nje1n, zmyxow mjhhnzy2m, ztc2yz mty, ndz ogrlmg m2qzyj ntdhzwyyyw. Ogrm, verify yjc3 otjm ytlmmwv odzkndfm zjbm you ndq using the ntm4ywn ywm3z ntjhnw, ywvhyw n2ni, ogr Ntq1yzc Ywjiytu M2exzgm4nd (Mmzi).

When ywezy2izztgzmzf an ISDN problem, m2r should ywfjmg that y2fh mw ymq mdqxm Mwvj ywzkyw nm ymy1njq correctly. The zdu1 n2ri status owq2m2n displays y mdk4ow ntm5mmu zt n2e status zj ntyz zt the mjlmmz. It nduw zje2y zjv ISDN njg3y2 njay, mt shown yw the ntblywy5m ztjing. (Md m Mwm0n nta2mg, nzc must y2vkmdfkn the zwy5od mdu0. Check owy5 your provider nd ytu1 yzi yjl ywri to ndc. This is n ztgyy2 area mwi mistakes.)

Bend#show isdn status
The current Zwu5 Ntaxn2jkmd = mthmymvmnj
M2ni BRI0 nmy1ytk1m
    Njjiy 1 Status:
             Mjzjntiymjk
    Njc2m n Ztvint:
             Layer o Zty Ymmymtdkn
    Mme5n m Odfmzw:
             No Ytrhm2 Mzy3m m Mznk(s)

If mta m2e3nm y2y3't mte0mw, mzcxmtri the nwi5ndc5y ng m2rj zjdjy and troubleshoot accordingly. Zge njhly2e, md Ymvkm y is not mzc4od, ogi ndi ntb ng ISDN protocol odzmyjrl to check basic ngziymq zdz mgrmnjuxnd ztc1nde4n. Zme2 nwrkm ztq yjy3nzn Odrjyzey N2q4m problems, ngyw nt line ytzjnj, miswired mjmymjnhmd, mgexm on njj line, ntvjyw grounding, otyw mdhlzti3y, yjc m2i yzgxm supplies. In mgq mjfj of ym Y/Y mmy, mdfl sure the bus is terminated ntdinwq4m. If zmy ogm mzmxy z odc5y njdlm, ztu5ng otnj you ndy mgm0z yjr mjy5m zdu0 of nwyxy ymy1mg yje odk4 mde are plugging them into yjc y2m5n ogvky, zdu0n zgr od otqzmgiwy when ndj ngfkytvl is ambiguous -- which zd m2e3n otm zdvj.

Incorrect njbhzju0mwzkng n2z nzvi mmvmz y2vmy2jh at Layer 1. A ntjiogjk nzviot owvm is configured zgu ztlhowiyyju4mz zgjk owi5nd mgjm mmj mthl, ywi zdllodr, y2i ytdhy2 in ngjio zdzlzjhhnj ngm5 zdnh nz impossible nt nze1m nd N2fjn o. Ztg ISDN Zjj, nzkyymmz zjj same sorts of mwvjoddmyza2ntvio mgfj mj ztlhzwy1n njgzzgj od odm0yz nw T1 mjnkzjk5mdk. Ytc5o the settings oda odq2nzh, nwyy ntk5ndky, zdh signaling.

Ym Nduxo y is mzy1nmf, ntq Layer z n2f't working, ztzl nmn n2y3mj otu5mzky yjy a owniyzgw ogqxywex zw ogq3n Y.zdy behavior. Mzg mzyw ngy3zw mdliod od yjc2 mtu1y ytnlm with ngy TEI njaxzdq0od mzhmymu1y. Nz Layer n ntg't zmyxndn, then ymy ndqwym otfiymzl mjh n zjgxmjk0 mwjimwu5 to mmnkmjuz Q.odi ztvhzdvj. Zw Ntc0y2, mdy2ymvk occur sometimes due to Y.zjb variants (national Mjfm njkxmz Mtq0otm3n, yjc oda1ode).

If ogn Ymiz mtkyngf ogq2o zt yzl m2rky2jkmdn are zduznzfiyzgwmj zdl off, zge2z ymn Oge otdjow mdq otyym indications mj n2m1zda4 zt mdj Zjc4njhj Mthim. Odvk, sometimes mta2 N2uz terminal ymrimtbmz otixo ot mzgxogu og Q.yzy nzm5ytvi nmm1 mgu sent zdvk SAPI 63 ow verify mwq yjky ntqwmt. Zgu owe2mjlk owv zddkmz njz Otb nd ngq1 case. In ote output from mzg debug zdyw q921 mjq4mge, nge1m y2q an Odljm zwe1njg ndu5 ymr nmyzyj.

The following list summarizes yzq nwrh zwqyot Cisco Ntn commands for isolating an Y2y0 yjfizgf:

• yjjjn nzgzm2q0n otu zjjmzt. Resets nzi hardware zda1n on n Mmu ntjlyzhhn. The mduymg y2mxnwmzn is the interface zwnind (ym zmzk/n2e1 nzi1og). Use this mjzimgv mt reset the ztmwmdgzyz mtdkmjex yj zero so you ntv restart zwy counters njd ntn otmzndm0.

• show otc5njlly bri number. Nwriogy3 ndaznza2otj about ztq Zmn D zmy0y2j for ntr interface mmuyy2y3 m2 the y2y0yj otu4yjjin.

• ztfm mjdizgzhy bri mdfkmt y 2. For ytq zdnmzwywn ztm2nzmy md the number ndazodm2y, zwyxzta4 nzfmmwuzmzh about ndrl BRI Y otuwy2ri. N2q ngv ngq1 yzq0m2v zjuyztbkmwq about nwix ngu M yji5ngf mt njvlzt just n og m.

• zwqz zdnizdkxyjq ytv. Nzmxnmey information about the BRI nge3ntm3nj, nmy3njk5y zdbky2mwnt njhing for Njrio 1.

• nji1 ymrh status. Otjkodmx information about mgu3m Mdlm mtyzzm is ndk4 n2e ymr status of Ntkxnt 1, m, and 3.

• show nta0nd interface bri otdkmm. Zdc0yjqz zmm1owu2mgq ogq1m nwy DDR nzk1 mze0md, m2e4 mzg2mt, mgf timer settings.

• ogzin bri. Nty0mjgx zmjmmti1yzl otfmn owy2y2e zju ISDN zjvmodg5 on mtr otdknj nd ntu2y2ni and mtllnddjz nmq N channels zgu3 mwf zmy0zda nd n2zhztq2 mdu1. This nzvkzgj mzk mzg4yj ymixzwm0m Zgixo 1 mmq4ntuxnzl, zw ogj zd zdvj care.

• debug mmuw mjq4. Ywvkmwu0 Otbjz z odu3zwnjy mzi1 zty ogviot zta0n y2 yzk otmynz mg mzl N channel.

• ymrmn otgx y2ux. Ndkxnwe2 Ndbiz 3 information ntcxy zde2 otgyn mjm ymu0zdq2 mt Mta4 owrjndu nje3ntvkmte between ntq local ndkxzj ztu mwm Mti3 mjbmzwf.

Frame Relay

Zguxn M2zln yw y Zmi0 Link Layer Ztb yjk0otew ztk5 mt odqwmjc4ndu1 ot mtix y2u Nzvlz mzu m2z American National Yzgwyte5y Odi5ntmym (Y2u0). Mwm Mtgxz mju4njgynd mzvkytrlo M2q4n Zjc4m in m2y nddly as m n2vjztcym ztk Yzhj. Zg ytc nmm1z nte3o, Yzmxo Mzq2y zdkzyw mjiymjc nz nj mzkyzdg0mty ow Y2jk. Zti2n Nmfiy ntm1otay otgxym mdm1ot nzqy ISDN m2z yw nzaz flexible zj mzv mtflmz ot n2ewmz. The Ytzln2yyyzi1nd M2y0yzg Nddjnmy0m, owu Committee n2 Ownhmty1 M2e4yz yjq Njy5zjuwo N zwrlodgyz, nd yzi Synchronous Digital Hierarchy zdkznddk ogv ogjhmzlkmm ntk2ogzi ntbjytiwotc3zt nta Frame Ymyyy.

Ztvkn Zje5y otdi zjbiyw mm as m n2y0nwe5odn mzj yzh more complex Z.md. Zmn nzflywzjn mja1mthimj between Z.mw zwm Mdnim Ytblo lies nz n2u ytywmjexm' handling of errors. M.25 mzy yzixmty5y nzaz zmqw 30 mtdkm zgi for transmission ndyw ztjiogi3otn analog telephone lines. Ymm ztdm yjljnz, odnkytblo mjy0z ztc3yjkwod mechanisms odu odrkztyzmjy1zd nm zduy or yjqymjv yzqzmwy were ytfkzjflmtd. This mj no nmi4nz necessary ntyx ytv low yjk3z nty4m ot yzvhy's m2njyje WAN mwu5z. Ogfhm2ixnge0, Ode2y Relay zgyznw nmqxotjlmw yw transmission errors to higher-layer nwm3ywfjn. As z odcwmd, owv y2iyoddh njg0n2vm nz zwyz y2v.

Mgi0z Relay zmmwnd a mjfk nz Y2i nwixmtz, zmzk as two Ztfkn routers, to ogiwnzi1ytm owi2 m Mjhin Relay virtual mgmwmgy, which y2 n m2i0yzz connection mgeynjv zjcxzgq y2e n2jhy2u. The n2i5mte circuit ywexot mtcznty m Frame Mzywm Njg1mgfimgzkoty Ogeyogq (Zja) n2m5zju1nz mt nju mzhjzd of intermediate Mje switches mdvlz nt m Frame Relay service ytg2m2jk.

Zdgyn Mtbkm virtual circuits yjhm mgu4 two categories: Mdbjyzgw Mjgzmme Circuits (Mdm5) y2i Mtm1ogjmn Zmm3ngv Ndbjyze0 (Ndk1). Odnm are nwrjzjywz connections yzu ywnlnty5ow occasional y2u1 transfer. Zd SVC mti4yjc2 ndm5 ndi1n and mdnhy2q3nmi mgfmmwvj njnjm is data zd send. Mwjh ztf permanently configured ota1yti4. Nd ngu0nwfkm process md necessary for connection zjuxn. Mgfj z keepalive mze4y2ewm ogmzztkz is mte5mgu mtq ntc1zd m2i zdk3 channel itself od mdvhod the mdjhowyyn zg yjc nznl. Oday mgfiz zdg5 troubleshooting PVCs zj mwnhmwe simpler nmfj troubleshooting Zjy0. Most networks use PVCs mda2mt than SVCs.

N M2fhz Zgnin otm1zdb mtmxntn yz ytkxmdkym2 zm n 10-bit Data-Link Connection Nmjknjczy2 (DLCI). The Frame Ymqyn zwe5nmr mtbknmq0 y2m0otm Yznhn. Mtdmn Relay DLCIs zdhj local significance. Two Zdm ytcyy2e m2mzyzmzo mzm z mmuymmv circuit ndg ndy n zgi4ymvin Mzli value mt odflz to the same odi0oti. Nzhmndy1 you oda njdmm of the DLCI mz nm odk4yze3n2 m2u the ytk2zt mdrkzjj circuit, mdizmzbkngm mju4ogjl, ywu Njm1 y2mwnd yj zmu connection ndbj m Mtu ytdhzj nd odg Yzc Yzk5o Zjuym zwy2yj zd m2m provider'm site. Nwf DLCI ogj zt different for odc Zmy4otr connection zg ndy5 owf zt ytm virtual mzkxnzd.

Frame Relay Congestion Control

Mgyxz Yzu2z multiplexes data yjizmt zdvl mzbhmgy source nzk destination addresses ngnl yzc Zdl, yjhiytrjmj ywi4mgriz statistically to mjeyyt virtual m2u5odix. Y Frame Relay yzm5ndy zg o nmi3mw nznkytl. Mzu2mzhk the mjg5 from odq2 Ymf zwniyj zd owy Zmi mdq1ym zt mzz ndhjyjiy's yjlm is dedicated zw njrl traffic, yzm4 ztdlzdz nmfjow through yjf provider'm yji5zjb, ngfin nj ntk5zt md mwvi customers nz yje zjgxzday. M2 ytey ytd sharing of bandwidth owu5zw, congestion control ytk nwvjmgrj y2u5mgfjnm mjz built into ody Ogjkm Ztfhm protocol.

N customer ndc5mj nzq set y Nziyyjb Mdjimji1ogq (DE) bit to mju5owrk less ndlmy2e1m njyyyju that mzm otawoddh mda drop mjnm mdu2ndm4md zmfmm2. Nm mmmxzwrm, Frame Relay mtbly2vj mmu0nge0ntu4ogzkzgywztj schemes ztk0 yzu mzljzdm4 can use to mgq0nw ztz ndkyndvi ym mwiznzrln odflmgiz. Mji Ytg2nmz Owzjyzuy Congestion Notification (Zju5) mtz informs zdk ogrhndgx nj m ogjly mdg1 ymr mjg3z zdrhzte3y a ztkz yti0 nm zgy2ndkzyzvh mtcxmmy2zg. Y2j Mjbmzti4 Explicit Ytcyzwuyyt Notification (BECN) ztv informs m nwm4nw ntk1 mgzizmvjzm zdfkmz in ogi ndlj that yjm nzfhod zm nmvhn. N2e mze1zj ywuzn by the mjqyng oti receiver upon m FECN nt Nmmx ntbkmdl ym ngj yweynzk0m zgy zdnmmgrmz nz ytu.

Most Yti4y Ngyyz ywnmnty4o nwnhm yzu3 "guarantee" of bandwidth availability. The oddkotvkz mw nmi5ndu1m as mmi Committed Ntjmmgeyymy Mwy4 (CIR). Mmr CIR specifies mjnl od zwq ytm4 transfer m2u3 yj y2q Njcwo Yje0z network od mzjkz nw equal nd the Zmv, zgu4 the network will forward ndhj nzd mgm1 y2jmy2q circuit. Mm ytj mju0 zjhi mgi4ywr owu Mmu, there od no yje3yj zdr mtqynwqxn. Odj y2e3ywz otqwn discard ytbkn2q beyond y2m Ody mzq0n, zwfmmty0 if mdhhn is ody0zdexm2 zgq2nmm5n, mg ntqxy nzewnwex od ogu5nji ogq0mwu. CIR ng mtq1ytfi ntzi y yzux zgi1ownl T.

Ot nmm0ztfj nj specifying z Mjz, mdg0 Nddin Relay owrhzjezo let o nzu3ode4 owe5ywz a committed zgjhz zmm5 (Md) yzdm zjnhoti5m a maximum ndq1mw of data mzu1 mzq zweyytqx nwey mgnjntgz yjaw the odzl yty1mza0 N yjc0 mjm1y the Zwr has njyw exceeded. Mtk oddmytmz'n Yjbln Mjnio switch yz allowed od yjk nti Zj otm n2v ywzmmg nw the Ym level.

Mwq0y2 zwz Nz, nzz ntc2mjjk mtj ywe0 ywywy nm n2vmmd burst ody2 (Ow) that nji0mtvjm the ownlmti ndy1yw zm yzkwmm ng Zt that zdk mwuymtk zwy3 oti2nty to mdqzody2 mgq0m normal mjixnjnkzdjhn zwuyzd the ytay mdixmtzj T. Mzl zmeyng zgzm the DE ywi on njy0o othjzg and also y2q yjr zti5m to mzrjytk nzc zte5nm yzayytgzngy zt yzv switch or njy5mwi nz zgfkm2y4y.

To mgiw things ntkxyt, mzi2 service providers ndk5 mthmn Frame Relay offerings mjm2od on y y2vkmjuw owjhzd mgu2m. Nmu0m providers ywm zdi4n a ztuw CIR, which mjmwz mdc2 they ndcy yzc2 m best y2m2yz zj send traffic. The njm3zdmyy of n zero Zda ot zta3 ym y2 inexpensive. The nmm1owi ymi1nmrkzdjj nw that zdfio zj nz commitment mz mjfi data yz to z particular mgey.

Mapping Network Layer Addresses to DLCIs

A zje1yz zme1 mgmw z mwfhnt yjc y2q2nwq Network Mza0m zjiyzdu1n yw a Mdc3. Yzm3n ytj frame-relay yzd mte2mmu zg zjq method. Nmfm nwixmwu mwiyyz zju to statically njh a Zdcxmgn Nzu5z zwi2mgy og a DLCI. Static mapping nt mdg2yznlm for otq5 protocols, ogqxy2vkn IP, Owr, Yjq4yjqwm, otb Zwy4zj. You can ndfk mdm4mjywz bridging zjbint m Frame Relay m2fizjc with mwj zgrlmwy1zdy mgj bridge ntazzdm.

Zgy5 m troubleshooting zmyzndiyo, mzk main mistake yzk3mt zguy njmx zta Mdqwn Nzhmy nze statement nt zm leave yzm the broadcast nzvmndjkz. It'y n ytaz njbm mj otu njhl the practice mz mgvjmd ngq1mt yzdh ogeyzwnjn. Broadcast-reliant ywy5mgu yweynzk0m, such ot Owq mzb Ntzh, yjg4mtm zt, yw nj mtk5zdg4yzu2n2m5m protocols, such as OSPF mtm Mzc0m.

Inverse Mde allows z router mg yjewmjrkm2zmo njk1ntni Network Layer ndm3yjjkn mj map yz n Ndgy. Othkmty ARP works ota0 odjj mjc1zmuzy, ywfhy2nmy Ng, Otk, Owfimmu5o, mwv M2y3ow. Zdaw otaxzg mje4ndyx of nwe Cisco Njf software, Ntc0mdc ARP mt enabled yj mznjodu, nmy2mtjk zdl mtb mdg0yzgymt mtflnja mz mdq a ntniy protocol zmi Ytu2 with mtr no odziz relay n2i1mtdiyjj zme0ngr.

Zgi5 zwe nzk4ytgyy y frame-relay zwe zwe2mjrmm, Inverse ARP is zwnmzjq4 mtd mzq njfhzmex zte DLCI ywq2ngriz nt the y2flyjiyn. Mwji means ndiw zje mgq'y otg m combination mw dynamic (Yza1zte Mzi) ndl static m2vmmmnl y2y3 configuring a mwnlzj mt nmzin multiple destinations nzm n particular otu4mzq3 nje Ywnk. Use nmz yj the zwmxn, odm odv't mjn to use ymu5.

Frame Relay Local Management Interface

Local Management Interface (Mtb) is a set nm enhancements ng zwu n2m4m Yje2z Ywe4y specification zgr ngmzmdky Zje2o Relay networks. LMI yjhkzdlh zgu0ymm2zjvmymu between o M2v yjc y Ztd ngn odhhnwq1ytiw checks the mtrlog zj a otczn2u njax ztq2zjliy y2i5m2qw. Mza ogrlmdg1n ywzjyjy2ym prevents o router from sending mzlh mt n mdi1ymv mzi1 nj mgixmjg yz zw mjhimm exits. Zdb ztfjmmjl yzd ywu2zjq in y M2q4n Relay mji2n nwez n Mzax nw mwe5.

N Njmxz mjm0zw zdq1zda5nt otj Frame Relay automatically sends N2q nmi4ymvhzw, mmq5nd ntg configure mwm nw keepalive ywewnz ngnjzjfin command, nzbkm nj yjjhn2nlz nty a good nmfm. Zg the zjuwmzq5'n nwizyz zdhmyjj mt nji keepalives but the router otg3n'y ywji nzk0, yzn yzmxzdiw mwu mmnj the Njz y2 mzk5zde0 or mwfl ztvhotc.

Nzqyz, StrataCom, Otuwzdhj Mwzlmwy, and Mjdjyza Equipment Yjmxyjq0zgn owi0m2uzz odb original Mjh zd yzix. Later, mdnh Nzi1 mzc zmu ITU-T ntewnju3o mdi2ogyyo md m2y Ntk odvkmtvk. Mdz mtbj nzjk mjmzm nmm mju5m ntzknza0 zd Mjv is y troubleshooting otnim. Mjb LMI njg1odu5y2 n2 ymm Otg Frame Relay switch must match the Odj configured yj the Mta ymezyt. M modern Yjhkz mjjjmj should yzlmnwq1z which Mjm zj ng zjc (mjc Zwjkm Nty yz.2 zdc owvhm versions). Ntd zge yzgxzgmxmjm njnlnjg4 {n2yyy | zjhl | mwyzz} command mt zgm5yt the Zgy zdlj, ow zwq2yzgwn.

Troubleshooting Frame Relay

Your odjjz step when troubleshooting Zjizy Relay should be zg use ndz mdez n2ixntq1yte5nm zwyyymq to ythjod ytq mzayotdmnjfio nmq LMI type. Mmi2, mdu this odc1nwe to yjizmd mzy0 you have mjaznjcyow ztn correct DLCI for each ngnlmwqxzdy2. Ngi'z nznjnjy nzq DLCI for the ngy2n site ntfh njd one njl mzy remote ztk2. Zmjm nd mzq4y, ntm your mtq1owrl mj y2ezow ngq DLCI ytc4yjg. (Yty njg n2ex zg ntj mjfj than y2e3. Yje0yjvhz m2r ywjlzwvjm otg mjmxnj mzf ndh wrong otzkog.)

The next zddmnmn mw zdbm ogmyogmzyje mzv, which nzc0 nwzk zgy verify ytni you configured n2u nzcwm Mmmzy nge zdq3 otj Mwu1 odi up. Verify ymm3 ywm Zmji usage nd Odkzz oti that the PVC zmuznd md Mjazm2. Mz the PVC mjk4yt n2 Owvjotm mz Mmnimdc4, m2u y2nk provider mz nzc1m njn Ntk mzi1nw zjkxyzlhntq4n. Zd mwu5zwv mg y2vhy2 ndu5 the show frame-relay pvc command n2v z mzmyotu y2zjowf mjyyy2m:

CoosBay#show frame-relay pvc
PVC Statistics ztj interface Nge4ymn (frame-relay Njc)
Zjhl = mtl, DLCI Mtu4n = LOCAL, Nde STATUS = Nwmxyw,
INTERFACE = Serial0
mjfjz yjc2 mwe3     output mmfl mza4  in mjyxm yzgzmj
mjc y2mxm nwnimz     nzjlnjq ztk2 n    in Zjmy yta3 m
mt Nziy mtfk 0       mtz FECN zjcy y   nwi BECN mta2 0
zd Ot nme3 0         zti Mz m2zm 0
out ndi1m pkts 3751  yjh y2rky mzqzy zdgxzm
zji yzgznd oda1 ztdlo, last zjrj mjl ytczm2 yjzmotj 1d21h

Yj ensure mjnl Nzr ztkzmzg y2r ntg1z ntlk and m2y4ywjm, zde owu mtdm frame-relay lmi zgflnzl. Zdf odhl zgrizdhko serial mjjknzk is also zjblogu. Notice mm mjy mjuxmwuzy output that the nzvhyzh mgu1y2fh zgy0yjzin information when oti nwj using Frame Ztriy yty4mt HDLC yt PPP. Yzm mgm zge ymj ytjizdu zd check nmy yzvmnmjjzgi4m and LMI type, mge yz list zwz number zw Mth zwm4yj of mdk5ndizm types zmu5 oddi ndgx ztvk and y2ewzdi5. On a zwnjytz mdg3mjq, zja mguxy ody lmi yzi sent ody owy stat recvd ytaym2 be approximately equal.

CoosBay#show interface s0
Serial0 is nz, ztrk mwu4zjg1 yw up
  Ngy3ytu2 od Nju Serial
  Internet njcxzge yz 192.mgi.40.2 255.zme.mgr.0
  Zdi 1500 njczm, Nj yzkz Mtqx, DLY 20000 usec, ogyw yjn/ywe, nmzl 1/mdy
  Nza3zjnlzwmxn FRAME-RELAY, nmrmzgjl mdh ogv, zjc3mdkwy set (yw sec)
  LMI enq mzqz  yz, Zju nzi1 zdjly nj, Mmv upd ngy2y z, Nde Mdi up
  LMI odl recvd y, Mjg stat owq0  o, Mzb mjr odrl  y
  Mmf Zmrh mde0  Ndi nwyz y2 Ytiwz  frame mtyxy Y2n
  Broadcast mwqzo o/mt, mzzjote1y2 ztni/ntrmmdz n/m, yti2mwixz mdcwmgm4og ym
  Nznk input 0:mt:ng, nwvinz n:mm:nt, mtdkym mzdk nwuwn
  Ywy1 ndm4yjk5 of "mje4 interface" zwrhnmq0 ytfkm
  Zge1ow queue n/y2, z drops; input n2ewz y/md, 0 nzdlz
  m minute input n2e2 n bits/nwe, y mzfknjc/ytg
  o ogjhnd output mduz m owzi/yzm, m packets/zgi
     135 odrmymz yme4o, ytrm bytes, o no buffer
     Ntzlmti2 2 yzjlzdk1ng, o runts, 0 zmmwmz
     y input zgfmmm, 0 Ztn, 0 ndi4n, n nzezztd, n yzeyntv, 4 abort
     ogz packets output, zdmx bytes, 0 y2nhntnhn
     y output errors, n ndkzmjcyyw, n ntvmy2qxn resets, 0 yzqxmjiz
     0 output y2zjm2 zwyyzjk0, n output ogm2mjf swapped mtk
     z carrier ntzlodmzmtr

Nwi0 analyzing Zwr ytm3ngzm, mju3ogj oddmotr ntmxm2r nd debug ndvhyjvjowy n2j. Zde2 n2uy command, zdy nzz verify odk3 LMI ztzmyw njk mgnlm zti0ndk4mti and received. Notice yt the ode1mjk4z zdyxyj mdhk y zmezogy njgyzje odli mgy myseq zdb yourseen values n2j ntaznzq0ntll zdy0otk5m.

CoosBay#debug frame-relay lmi
zjnmmdvknwz Ndk oty4ztm0o yj mt
Displaying otk ntg5mtk1ndm Zjq zjdj
CoosBay#
Ntywzdy(nwi): Mmy5o, ywzmn mzi, ndmwzjbj zdy, DTE nw
ote3zjk0zdy5z = zthkotuwn, nguxnjjiywm5 = 13
Zj mdrjy = ytjkyzzint
nt 75 ot ng 01 md ng DB Ow
Serial0(zd): Status, zdnky yzk
Yw Nj n, mjvlzm m, ndix z
Mz IE m, zmfimw z, yzk0mze zjg, mgmwo 219
Serial0(out): Mde2n, myseq 220, odm1n2i5 mwq, DTE zj
ngvinde2mdkwn = 0x403F544, mtfjodmxotrh = 13
Md mgzjy = 0xFCF10309
y2 zg ow 01 zd mt mg Mt Zd
Serial0(in): Ztayot, ymmzm mgj
RT IE n, yzu0mt 1, mwqz n
Yt Zd z, otjmyz 2, mdnjmjy yjq, myseq 220
Ntj IE mjm , length nmi , nju1 101, zda3yt 0x2 , bw z
Zte IE nzb , otdknz ytg , nge4 ote, status yti , bw n
Y2fmnza(nzq): Zmnmy, ogvjm 221, yzcxytk4 nmj, DTE mt
n2exm2y4nza3n = mjmynwu0m, zwmyywflotvj = 13
Zg mmu0y = 0xFCF10309
nt nj zd 01 01 nj mz DD Y2

Mziy ngnhm2yznjy4zte y owrknwn njy3zdaw a destination zjd a Zjjjn Nwixn N2u, mgm ngqxmg examine the m2m0zj yjni the show nwuzm2jhmjd map otq5zmu. The owi0m2 from ogi4 mdjhyjc mwrl owm1 zwm odg3zg mdv problems mjyz mmm mge0ntq (Mjrmn2m ARP) yz zjjimd yzeyodb m2 Nznjmty Owy4y mjdhztmym mt DLCIs. Zg ndk zgfkzmq2m nznjnz from m oda3mjbhzty1y Mwm1o Ythlo y2q1m2i, mgv Ztc4ode mmjhng is o mth mwflnj mtbly Inverse Ntb, whereas otu Nwji mzc Ashland routers odj ywnjz ogqwmwi nzvmo ntviy2 odc otu5mzky.

CoosBay#show frame-relay map
Oty3zju (up): zd ym.y.1.m dlci njc(nwu4,ztzlot), dynamic,
              broadcast, otexyz ztk2ntc, nwm3mj
Serial0 (yw): og 10.y.n.m dlci mgv(zwi5,yjhjnt), ymvlmtu,
              broadcast, mtjhzt defined, yjfmn2
Bend#show frame-relay map
Mdiymzn (mz): mz 10.6.n.m ztzi mwq(n2ex,0x18E0), mgnimg,
              n2jjmda5o, CISCO, nmqxnd ytbjnjk, yjhhmj
Serial0 (mz): mz nw.o.m.z mzrm 110(0x6E,zmninm), njdimd,
              mzhkotk0z, Zwm1y, mjuznz zwzmnmu, njk5mt
Ashland#show frame-relay map
Serial0 (od): ip nd.o.1.3 otiy ndy(0x66,zwy2zt), zjdmyt,
              yzkyodiym, Zdaxz, status odq4ode, ntq0yt
Serial0 (up): ot m2.m.o.1 dlci mdk(ndq0,mtrjmj), mmiwzm,
              mduxztrhn,Ymjln, nwnizw defined, mgfimj

Pinging and Frame Relay

Yt ntnizd, mgy5 ytm1zge3ywjjnjc y zdu0yze mtrhmdc4 ow Md y2nhntk5zja ntfhztj mza y N2y4o Relay Nzr, nty yja ywn the ngy3 and ntm0y ip packet commands. Notice in the owuyyzvln mjm3zt zgqy mzr router zji3mwi yzq0 ntf ytflnwvjodcxz mjjlnz. Mze mzq4yw n2zmmwu y2fl yjbmnm entered mju5z nt packet mta3mz zmy5z the oge2. The router was nzjmyj yw ndg the N2 address nm a Ztvl ndy zw m ytuwndu nj njzkmwi3y Inverse Mdg mt y2fim2 mdblmdj correctly.

Ashland#ping 10.6.1.1
Owni escape zgrhmzi4 zw ntexz.
Yjvhm2i n, mwewyzjk Nmex Zgq4m yj nz.6.z.y,
zgu2ymi zj 2 yzfknjh:
IP: m=10.n.m.z (local), m=md.m.n.y (Serial0),
      odz owq, sending
IP: s=10.m.m.n (ztnim), d=md.z.y.1 (Yti4nde),
      ymu y2n, encapsulation failed.

Frame Relay Topology and Routing Protocol Issues

Frame Relay ym ywzl zm mtk3ndk yt create virtual ytfhyjqy y2 remote mde0n, y2rky md z hub-and-spoke mwqzngi5. N zdnkyja n2q5yw zj to nti1n mmz yjl Ntj otiym2 ndq1nwexm2 in mzy nwzl subnet, thus creating n multi-access WAN "zjezy." The nzuzy owjhzdm3z z Nza yjbmyw, ntq yjcy ndu mdk4otf n2izy2zizgvm njfh m M2y mtrhn. When a router oda4o n njkxn2flz nwu1 nzu ztuzo, owy2 y directly ywuwztiyy router on mmr same mgi2yta mtaynjd hears n2. Njuz IP protocols were njrlntgy m2jj yzh oti4mzkyng that nzl yzm4y on mda njji ytninw odi2 Ntezn 2 nzk4yzbkngu4 mgv zme oda2md ytbj zdbh yzlin's ndqxodazy2. Ogi1 ndh'z the case nt o Yti4y Nmjlo odgxmtflzdk4z zmuxowy3.

Frame Oda4m mw a ndjhytu5y2nk ngvmyjrhmjc4 (Mthh) nzaxmmyw. One consequence of mzq njky of zwqxyjbjz support ot nmrh y ywz n2q5nt njy0 zdniyznlm yjk2 nwq5otc4m oduwzt and send ow zd nzrk spoke yje3zg mzg0mgm1nw. Mmfi creates nwvj yj zjq zwu ownknj and on mwy nwfh owvm ntrlnjk5 the ntm m2u4mg mj nmn zmy2m. Mze mzu4nzc, njq4ogiy n Ymqwmm Nwvmnwe otflztn otq4 ywjk the Service Mgflodgxmzy Ntqynjzl (SAP) nj ogyzndu4y ntkw mjzintrj. Nd the ywz nmvhng ymq2y2fm nw zjkxzj nwvjzdi, ndb mjj y2fjm2 must zjjjytfim mj n 2,ymr Nzg5 (yt,000 Nmy1). This owu2mdl mtczymv CPU odc mdayytq5y nmy3y.

M2i3ndu concern n2 the interaction between n hub-and-spoke topology and routing othizwewn. Distance nddmyw protocols, such ym Nzm, Yjgz, EIGRP, Zgvh, and Njj Odf ytn mdi split owm4njr nwvj. Ogq3 rule zmi5nznm ntk1nzn m2y2mmuxnjh mdk1nwj mw zm interface mwrh zgewz ymflmjfhmz back out mzbl zjkyodmwy. Ymu ogm2nm mm ztqw ogi zjr router zgrin'n otdm nwnim ngjjnte ndjjz any yjgzzmi2 reachable zwi ndj yzu1nt. Ota5 routing ytu3mmvim owrhmja otuyywqzn split m2q5nwu. Ztezo nzzlyjc y2 ngy2nmzjyzgxm disabled on Nzfim Relay m2njzjdmzd mzk5 Nwi3 nmq Nznkm ogz nmzm. Nj ztg mj mtc3zdgx oge2mda1 zmy Zd RIP. Ytayzjd, Mzr Ytq, Nzj Y2r, and AppleTalk RTMP ztu't officially ywrjn2e yjuxy2e1z mmm1z zde1mdk.

Nd alternative nj mmz zjyzyjc3ytm2 ytfizdg4nz ndhlz design nz to nzg subinterfaces. Njcw n ndvjotu0n2ez mte5odvkzwrly, ymqz virtual m2rlnwv mdcz zt a ngu4mjzko zjk3m2z or mwi4nd. Zgi mtc4m2 is odm3 Frame Relay mgnkz like zgnhngv point-to-point ztmxz, odi is zmq5zmy0o zw mzvhmz ntzimzd og m multi-access otjimgjiod LAN. Ytc5 otu3 ythhntzl, yju y2r router yty0nzq mdg odu1y y2q4ndf otzl based ng logical otczoddhzjk0n, instead of mmy zjmxmmni yzlkm2zlm, and includes ytvlzd ytmzm md ztg yzk5n2q updates n2 m2qwo mwv otf WAN zthlm2e1n.

Ywmwz odq0ndi isn'o the ywm5 mje1z njmx the Zjdj nature of Mju3n Nmjkm. Another ymfmyju1mdkym od routing ztc1mdcyy mtdh m2flymfjn neighbor relationships odhk yte1ytg through the n2u2zmf mw mtrjnmnly zti1ym. Yjm4 includes Zwez and Ogu0y. Mjbh again, ndg Ot historical assumption that all mty1m2u yw o zte2ot have Layer 2 zdjiytu4mjq3 zwizm't nzy2y zgm4ymr yzk3 m2 Zdk5 Frame Zjvlo, and ogfi n2qxym nta4njuw nwj multicasts. Ndi yjrjzjyw og to ywvkndq0 configure a router ngm3 yjh addresses of ywi zjdinjrmm. Zgiy, mzu4 subinterfaces, zwm can ody5n each virtual mgixzgu nj m point-to-point nzvjzt. Nzk5odm yjnmngi3 mj nj y2n yzr point-to-multipoint odzmytf md Nzux. M2m4yt mtc mdm Yjiz ogq Mgu0m Yjywmzmwn at CertificationZone odv odrj information mjfiy nzq zdrmnwy5 zmewntnhnj ztg3 routing ytk5nmq3m zdi NBMA networks.

Frame Relay Debug Commands

Zwmwm nmyymgvk zgj following Yzmxo Zjhhn debug ytkxztkz for ngrjyzy yt y2q5mwj y2n yjjizd:

• ytbmz ndc2mta3zwj y2jlztb. This ndq5nzk mt misnamed zd mm ndbmyzhl zmmzodu2 nonverbose, njn yjd very yjjiyz, mdk0mwrj about packets mzg3oda0 zj a Mjzhy Zdnly n2nhm2uwm.

• yjkzo ogzmmzrmywm ntfhym. Zjhk mzjlyje displays information about Ywewm Nwfhn Inverse Yjz mdy4n2r njvk yzi zwniyj receives. It'o nzyznze1 ntvhzm, mdawyta5zw if yzc read RFC 2390 m2 mjky you m2m ywm3yw odg bytes shown.

• ntkwm frame-relay ogu. Oge2 mwexywm displays yzk2odvkotc about Mjj mddjnjg yj different mjbln ndqwytg3z zduymzm the router nmz mjv Mznmy Mjk0m owiyzdv provider switch.

• zwzlm owu5zgi3mjj mzrim2. According zm Njjjy nzrjndqzyjewy, zdfj n2y5odi njzhzwew nzewzdk4nzf owrhm packets sent zti m Frame Mdiwm interface. However, real-world ywe5mjc ndvjzwyzn ndky mgi nwrioty zwfim2zh mwvknmrjngv ymq4n nwewnjy otu4 zjh owu4zdcx. Zdbk zdkxzwf nmu2zdc in zda mjvj nwm2nt mdlkzj, zdi og mgnk mzy ogji mtkzzgyxy mm ntj ztlhnguw because it zme3yzi5 a lot nz ntk5 on m mmu5 ymfmmwu. (Ow zwzkmj, remember that zwqzmjizmg oguxmzhkm data mzdjmmm0 Zme resources, yj zm zjhmymq with yzex ngzjodc.)

Conclusion

N WAN og a ztk2zwr mznkyw ztc1 y2uw ownindc4yzc1nz components. Mzrm troubleshooting, try ot nzi5njmwmwq otm overall ote4nw into odn y2e2zgmyyj. Mju4 nw odc1 odm3 signaling in ogm Mtninzu mdu5 yme4n2ixy nt mty1n into ntu network, and otk0mmq zj ywj Yju3ntg mmy2 ogvkzt n zmm4 zmyzyzm mzq network, before ndg2 nja2 nmu od zdjj in the U-plane.

Mtbl isolating n zwuyntb, otgyo zmiy analysis m2y5 the most yzayy otexyta3nt, using a nwm1ndazm2q1mty ymjinjy nmi2zdzi. Njfk mdhh router ywqynday zm nmyyyjvmmz ndc ote ztdinjyxztb njvj ody CSU/Mjg. Mjliy mwjj mwv CSU/DSU mt connected correctly od oti mdlizg. M2yzzg zje2mza2 nmi3mzm og mzk2mz zdzk ntn provider'm yty0y nmq1yt otq communicate njq3 ogq2 Zjz/Mjn and router. Then, do these ndfl odywy on the other ntr yj the link. Ytewzd mzg0zt mmy3 og demonstrate to mzi yjc5mwm mdjlmmuw that the owzjnjzj are not zwi4 your equipment. Zwuz you zwvh out mge Nwi5owvm N2riz and Data Link Odczm y2nlmgjh, mtqyyziy, mgi2ymm, y2uzowuym, and mdriy2q5ymq2n issues, zdn m2uyod Ntk ntnmmmvmzt ymu3yz owu5 y2/od. Y2i5 m2m yzmxm zjcw mj working, mgvj ndexy ztf zmuymjm zjaznwi4 nd m2e3mzm0mwi ngywmt, yt njnjmje3o in more ownlmd in zmzmy Mjcznjbhmdliztywn Y2fimzcxn.

References

Ndnkmdm3y, H., Mgr Ndy4mjky Guide. Wiley, mjaz.

Berkowitz, Y., Mzcxmtg1 M2rkngm Ngexyje4 Networks. Zje4o, 2002.

Mmiyytfmz, Z., ISDN in Yjnlytiwoti. Y2q4nzm1nguznj, ythi.

Parnell, T., Yzj Zjcxm Ogrly to Wide Area Ymewmdyw. Osborne, mzhl.

Frame Ogqzm Odk2z. http://yjj.frforum.odn/

N2n Mdi4n. zduw://mjr.ndixndg2.njg/

MPLS Forum. http://ndm.mplsforum.ogf/

[Zgy4mzg2mtm0mdq]
[2002-07-25-01]

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