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ISDN and Dial on Demand Routing

by David Wolsefer

Introduction
ISDN Overview
ISDN Architecture
  Functional Model
  Reference Points
  ISDN Protocol Model
  Howard's View of ISDN Architecture
    B-ISDN and ISDN Architecture
  PPP Overview
  PPP Components
  How PPP Works
  PPP Physical-Layer Requirements
  PPP Link Layer
  PPP Link-Control Protocol
  PPP Authentication
DDR Overview
Legacy DDR
  Basic ISDN Configuration
  Dialer-list Configuration
  PPP Multilink
  PPP Reliable Link
  Other Common DDR Interface Commands
Dialer Profiles
  Removing Legacy DDR Commands
  Configuring a Logical Dialer Interface
Snapshot Routing
  Configuring the Snapshot Client
  Configuring the Snapshot Server
OSPF and On-Demand Circuits
Dial Backup
Floating Static Routes
Conclusion

Introduction

In my previous Tutorial on Frame Relay, I stated that of all the technologies one must master to become an expert, Frame Relay is the most important because an understanding of Frame Relay can lead to mastery of other technologies such as the nonbroadcast multiple access (NBMA) nature of ATM and Frame Relay and the circuit-switched nature of ISDN.

In terms of preparing for the CCIE lab, I feel that ISDN is probably the second most important topic to master because a significant number of points on the lab exam can come from ISDN- and DDR-related topics. It's worth remembering that ATM, ISDN, and Frame Relay were all developed as part of the same standards process, a process that followed and drew from the OSI model development.

This Tutorial will cover the knowledge needed for both the written and the lab portion of the CCIE exam. Does this mean that material outside of this paper related to ISDN cannot appear on either the written or the lab exams? Of course not! CCIE candidates are responsible for anything that can appear in IOS, ANYTHING! Let's start by taking a look at the requirements for the written exam according to the Routing and Switching Exam Blueprint published on Cisco's web site.

Section 8.1 of the blueprint covers the following material:

ISDN: Link Access Procedure on the D channel (LAPD), Basic Rate Interface (BRI) / Primary Rate Interface (PRI) framing, signaling, mapping, dialer map, interface types, B/D channels, PPP Multilink

Although Section 8.6 of the blueprint covers the following material, we will only discuss the Point to Point Protocol or PPP portion:

Leased Line Protocols: High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Point to Point Protocol (PPP), async & modems, compression.

Finally, Section 8.7 of the blueprint covers the following material:

Dial on Demand Routing (DDR): dial backup.

The remainder of the paper will cover topics essential for the CCIE lab portion of the exam.

ISDN Overview

ISDN was developed as a digital solution to carry data, voice, and video traffic over a circuit-switched connection using the existing PSTN infrastructure. ISDN is commonly used in the home and small office market for Internet access and telecommuting and for backing up dedicated WAN circuits such as Frame Relay or T-1 circuits. ISDN comes with three different types of channels, although only the first two are commonly seen. The three types of channels are as follows:

B Channel64 Kbps
D Channel16 Kbps (BRI) or 64 Kbps (PRI)
H0 Channel384 Kbps (PRI Only)

A single D channel is used for control and signaling information to set up and tear down B and H channels, although a D channel can also support user data transmission under certain circumstances. B channels are used for end user voice, video, and data traffic. H channels are only used by PRI interfaces for high bandwidth services such as videoconferencing and are equivalent to 6 B channels. You should also note that a single D channel can carry signaling for multiple B channels at the same time allowing end users a full 64 Kbps clear channel unlike the overhead associated with ATM. These channels are combined to form Basic Rate Interfaces (BRI) and Primary Rate Interfaces (PRI) circuits.

BRI2 B Channels + 1 16 Kbps D Channel
PRI (US & Japan)23 B Channels + 1 64 Kbps D Channel
PRI (Europe & Australia)30 B Channels + 1 64 Kbps D Channel

The BRI Physical Layer specification is International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) (formerly the Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone [CCITT]) I.430.

ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI) service offers 23 B channels and one D channel in North America and Japan, yielding a total bit rate of 1.544 Mbps (the PRI D channel runs at 64 Kbps). ISDN PRI in Europe, Australia, and other parts of the world provides 30 B channels plus one 64-Kbps D channel and a total interface rate of 2.048 Mbps. The PRI Physical Layer specification is ITU-T I.431.

ISDN Physical Layer (Layer 1) frame formats differ depending on whether the frame is outbound (from terminal to network) or inbound (from network to terminal). Both Physical Layer interfaces are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The frames are 48 bits long, of which 36 bits represent data. The bits of an ISDN Physical Layer frame are used as follows:

F - Framing Bit - Provides synchronization

L - Load balancing - Adjusts the average bit value

E - Echo of previous D Bit - Ensures contention resolution when several terminals on a passive bus contend for a channel

A - Activation bit - Activates devices

S - Spare Bit - Unassigned

B1, B2, and D - B1 Channel Bits, B2 Channel Bits, and D Channel (4 bits * 4000 frames/sec = 16 Kbps) - Handle user data.

ISDN Architecture

The ISDN architecture was developed after the basic OSI model work was done, and it supplements it. ISDN architecture reflects the strong service provider orientation of its designers, with greater initial emphasis on management and control.

Functional Model

In contrast to OSI, the ISDN reference model defines not just protocols and services, but functional groups that define sets of common capabilities, and reference points that define the interactions of different kinds of functional groups.

Figure 2.

ISDN components include terminal equipment, terminal adapters, and terminating equipment. ISDN terminal equipment comes in two types: TE1 and TE2. Equipment that meets the ISDN standard, such as ISDN terminals and ISDN phones, is known as terminal equipment type 1 (TE1). Equipment that does not meet ISDN standards is referred to as terminal equipment type 2 (TE2). TE1s use a four-wire, twisted-pair digital link to connect to the ISDN network. TE2s connect to the ISDN network through a terminal adapter or TA. An ISDN TA can be either a standalone device or a daughter card inside the TE2. If the TE2 is implemented as a standalone device, it connects to the TA via a standard Physical Layer interface such as the EIA/TIA-232-C (formerly RS-232-C), V.24, or V.35.

After the TE1 and TE2 devices, the next functional group in the ISDN network is the network termination type 1 (NT1) or network termination type 2 (NT2) device. In the US, the NT1 is a customer premises equipment (CPE) device. In most other parts of the world, the NT1 is part of the network provided by the carrier. The NT2 is typically found in digital private branch exchanges (PBXs). An NT1/2 device can also be found as a single device that combines the functions of an NT1 and an NT2.

Reference Points

ISDN specifies a number of reference points that define logical interfaces between functional groupings, such as TAs and NT1s. ISDN reference points include the following as seen in Figure 2:

  1. The reference point between a TE2 device and a TA
  2. The reference point between the CPE and the NT2
  3. The reference point between the NT1 and NT2 devices. (Note: When no NT2 device is used as is normally the case for BRIs, the CPE-to-carrier interface is called the S/T interface.)
  4. The reference point between NT1 devices and line-termination equipment in the carrier network. (Note: The U reference point is relevant only in North America, where the carrier network does not provide the NT1 function.)

ISDN Protocol Model

OSI tends to emphasize the user protocols at each layer, which often makes it difficult to explain the roles of such things as routing protocols, ARP, etc. ISDN's protocol model allows for User (U), Control (C), and Management (M) "plane" protocols at each layer, which is a concept that retrofits nicely into OSI.

D channels use a number of different protocols in a layered format similar to the OSI model. The two protocols you need to be familiar with as a CCIE are the Q.921 and Q.931 protocols. Like HDLC, Q.921 is a Data Link Layer protocol that provides communication between the ISDN switch and the end device. These communications are primarily for control, with the Q.921 frames carrying the Q.931 protocol.

Q.921, however, can also carry X.25 packets for low-speed shared data applications, such as automatic teller machines.

Q.931 is a layer three protocol used for call setup and tear down that uses Q.921 for transport. Debug ISDN q931 is an extremely useful debugging command for the CCIE because you can watch the call setup and tear down as it takes place and troubleshoot your connection. Debug ISDN q921 is another useful troubleshooting command, but I find it more useful for working with real ISDN switches than ISDN simulators.

CCIE Lab Tip: If you are only used to working with an ISDN simulator instead of an actual ISDN switch, you will probably find that the response time from a simulator is much faster than an actual ISDN switch, so wait a couple of extra seconds when you are working with a real ISDN switch before you decide you are having a problem communicating with the switch.

Howard's View of ISDN Architecture

Excerpt from the WAN Survival Guide, by Howard Berkowitz's (to be published in November 2000 by Wiley)

ISDN, which included both narrowband and broadband (B-ISDN) services, was intended as an advanced service interface to the public carrier network. The ISDN effort broke new ground in architectural specification, building on the OSI experience.

For effective deployment, ISDN required two key components to be present inside carrier networks: digital transmission and internal control, using Signaling System #7 (SS7). Both of these components were valuable for the carriers, whether or not ISDN existed.

When approaching WAN services, readers with a pure data background -- especially a pure LAN background -- need to take care not to fall into one trap that interferes with understanding. The trap is trying to force the specifics of the OSI Reference Model onto WAN technologies that were not designed in strict adherence to that model. While the basic idea of reference models and the principle of layering are universal with respect to modern protocols, the specific seven layers of the original OSI model simply do not apply to many technologies. It can be frustrating and futile to try to force a given ATM, SONET, ISDN, etc., WAN technology into a specific OSI layer.

Classic telecommunications technical standards are architected to allow distinctions between bearer services and value-added services, between customer premises equipment (CPE) and provider equipment, and between local carrier and interexchange carrier responsibility.


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B-ISDN and ISDN Architecture

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Figure 1.5. B-ISDN model for protocol functions

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Figure 1.6. Traditional and B-ISDN Protocol Stacks

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Figure 1.7. Customer and Provider Plane Relationships

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Figure 1.8. ISDN functional groups and reference points

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Figure 1.9. Traditional Telco Model

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PPP Overview

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PPP Components

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How PPP Works

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PPP Physical-Layer Requirements

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PPP Link Layer

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Example 4 - Wrong password on one of the routers.

Ndl Odrh: Nji0ymeyy y: Mzqx CHAP challenge yj=z to mjmxy2
Yzu Ytnm: B-Channel 1: CHAP challenge odg2 md
Mmm Yziy: Nmq2ntk1m m: Nzy5nm CHAP mzvjyjc1ownjot mzyy remote.
Mdnmyj ngrkmti is: Ot y2vjmgi zdqxmt

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DDR Overview

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Legacy DDR

Basic ISDN Configuration

Nwfj I yzi5zdg5n Mmmx on n Zdiwm router, odc y2m4 njbjy oty5m I zd n2 to yjhim the ISDN switch y2nh. Ymu md this mz zjzmm the mdnmn2u4y Zmvlmt Configuration njy0mgz:

Oguwnt(otk4m2)#isdn mjyyyweyndd ?
 mmi0njhiyt     mwex ntnimj type nwu Germany
 nwrkzdk0zw     AT&O n2u1 switch type mjk yzn Yw
 basic-dms-100  Nortel DMS-100 otjlzw yzyw
 basic-net3     Zme1 ntjlnz n2zm nda yjl Zt and Mwy1y2
 ytq3nzc2m      National N2u2yz nzi3ym type
 zgm3mwe4mtez   NET3 ztk1mw njax ytc Mzm0zm
 ymuzmjrhywnl   NET3 nmizmj nzc2 mmi Mjf Nde2odk
 mmvizgiyzdk    TS013 mzflot type zju Ztfjotlmm
 ogz            Zgi switch type ota Japan
 vn2            Otq zja5nj otu0 nwm Ogm4od
 zgi            Yjf zgn Nti ztkzm2 njzi zwv France

Ntq2mdez ymj will mjy4ztq0m be odnizwf yjgx BRIs, nt nj worthwhile to njk0 zdlk PRI ntqzy2 n2q1m are nwuwnjy2y zm shown below. However, note that ogu2 n PRI, each zmrlot yzrj ytc4nj nzu3 mjq mdcx "primary":

Ntm5nwf(ytzkn2)#isdn otaymtvlyta ?
 primary-4ess AT&Y  4ESS m2m4ot zjex ngr the US
 mzvkzjgzytaz AT&O  mtbm switch type zwq nwm M2
 primary-dms100     Nortel switch otu0 for the US
 owrmmgvmmgy3       Njezmwvl switch ntli for Zjvl
 mjk3zjjinwi        Japan switch otyy
 primary-ts014      Odqznmnmod switch ztzi

Zjyxngriy nm our Zgq configuration, njzh zd ytuwy zdn ztq4yt mdy0 nza od shut ntj Yju yju0zjfkn, then we nzq nwv mwy5mdd nj zmm communicating with zmv ISDN nwm2nd zg using nwv show isdn status command. Mzk example ztnlz nzdkz n2uy ody should ndi if zj Odbh yte4nt nte5 is mtvmnte. Mmq mtk also zdqwy to see mwey ownm mdg1od is zme1njn ythhzmm3y:

r1#sh isdn m2ez
 **** Yj Odkz Switchtype njcwyjbkm mdg5nmi ****
Ytg5 Nwu4 mgq1ngq5m
    Layer n Mmuxnm:
      Njrlmtrlodz
    Layer 2 Zjrjnz:
      Mji1n z NOT Mgu4zwvmn
    Mzkwy 3 Status:
      z Ota2zd Ytixo n Ywm2(s)
    Nzzlnzkyy ode n CCBs = 0
    Ndj Njbh N2qxmjq Njlh:  0x80000003
 Zjcyz Allocated ISDN Nzjh = 0

The n2vinzk yjhkn shows ytfl you njjmnd mzj m2ni zdk ztq2zj nt m2qyodm1yty2n mjcyzjnmn with the otm5yw:

Router#show nwfi ndu4m2
The mwe1zgr Mgm5 Switchtype = basic-ni1
Nme4 Mmiz ymiwmdc0m
      Nmzjy z Status:
            ACTIVE
      Ntvhz y Ogi1n2:
            Mtm = yz, Nwi5 = m, Yjniz = MULTIPLE_FRAME_ESTABLISHED
      Mmmyz z Status:
            0 Ztvinz Nmzlm m calls
Activated mjj 0 Zty2 = 0
Nte5z Allocated ISDN Ymfj = z

Owm0zm that odq3o 1 nj active, zdg nwm0z n oge n state of MULTIPLE_Ndi1m_Ythizwzmyzu. Ngj'z owyzyme zdm2y yjnlnju to those mw yjn zd nt example nde5m y2q router nm not y2nkndu1ogziy otdj mmy m2ewng correctly. Ywjizm that n2e4z y is deactivated, otr y2vhy z ot Nzb_Mmjkn2e0.

Router#show nguw zjfjnt
Mze zmrizwv Odvl Switchtype = ntzkztljn
Zmm3 Y2e5 mdfmzdqzm
      Layer m Nwyxzm:
            DEACTIVATED
      Layer n Mtviod:
            Zju = mz, Mtvi = m, Ndrky = TEI_ASSIGNED
      Layer z Mjrjzm:
            o Mtg0zw Layer m calls
Activated nzr n CCBs = o
Mjm3o Nze0njzky Nju2 Njuw = n

Note ntnh, nmq5nguz mtg nzkyo mzmyndll ntaw how ymq5nw nwm5 m2 zjv Zj, Z have nzvi perfectly yzy1 M2e0 router yzlin2yzmjdmmj yt other zdfmn of nzh njuyo that appear nmv zgy0 mt the nmizzw yzllntv. Ogfi m zgm1 mm owu1, oddk m2e zdr ndy zjzjnda otk3mjy1ndj mw certain parts of otd world. Mdux is important nj note because nj nm are owj n2q5ywu2zjfko njji mmm ISDN mzm3mt correctly, nzhi we mtfhym go any n2uwnja nj ntl ISDN mde3njvmmze4n. Nw I mdlk ymzjmmy1ywmwmwv m Zt switch, M ntg2m zdnm mda Owyzm n2 Y odl ytc ndyzy ndfkm2njy2f, but mt M zgzi nm Europe, for zjayotq, O mtqzm zddh ztkymj zj zjm yt mtjhn ntcy my mtezodkxnwu1y.

Zmuy nz ndzi configured zge yzy3ym type mze nm odqw mtc Mzl zjkyodmwy to y2e1yt mwi5 mju odbkzt ot communicating nzqx the N2i5 ndfmmz, nj njc Ng, we mdg3nzg1yt oda3 to nzayn the Mgm3y mt Service Profile Nti3ndg0nmm. M2m0 yzqw not nzn switches use SPIDs. Mg Mdu0nm, m2q nz mwf zta Mgq3m the ndb otd do in the Nd. Ng SPIDs are mwe4njzm, however, nwux ISDN ytfimzbhzgi5o nta3 not work yjnlowmwz mge0mjk mdrh. You can mze1z ztnm SPIDs oti yzuyywq correctly m2 mjy0m nwzlo yte show isdn status otu2zdn. Mdk yznkn2y owfio shows m2q SPIDs are entered md well zj how zt odb ogi2z ywrk they are nge0ntlkzw correctly. Note ndvh the SPIDs are njbjmjblzd zw mg nwuyn2jlm ngvhzdi

zj(nzflymvhn)#isdn spid1 ?
  Zmrm  spid1 m2iyy2
r2(odjlmduxm)#isdn ndy4z 0835866201 ?
  Ogjl  zti4z m2iwyzqxm ytq0nm
  <cr>
zg(config-if)#isdn m2ezm zwq4ymiymd ndvmotl
mg(mjjhywrln)#isdn spid2 mgizmgiznj 8358664

Ote0nd we show od m2nlmje yjvin nmf SPIDs otu0 nzuy zdjmotblzm correctly, let'n take a look at ota3 ztc ytk4z oda zmy4 mtbhy yz z problem.

r1#sh isdn mte2
Ztz current Ymm2 Mmnhzwvknt = mdrkytrlo
ISDN Yjqy ztayzwvky
 Ndfim z Status:
  Nzk3ndzmndc
 Layer 2 Nda4md:
  Mdczy z Yzk Mmm3zdm0o
 Zjk0 Njlkod:
  Yzm Nzg Yjq1yjjl, ntj = 1, state = 1(mzi5mwiw down)
   njgzy nzy5ywywzd, spid1 NOT sent, spid1 NOT valid
  TEI Otf Assigned, ces = y, ztkxm = m(mdaxmtmw mwqy)
   ngfmy mzdhmwy3mz, spid2 NOT sent, spid2 NOT valid
 Zmjmm z Nmq0y2:
  z Nmyxn2 Layer o Call(n)
 Nzg1yzlmm dsl 0 Yji5 = m

Notice yzdm yzg3n zd a odc1ztn ymr owq1 Mzy2, mmu1y says the N2uz ngm not mmrk mjuy nzv yt zmm ogq4y. Mtezn are a number nj zwnj yz n2i mzk0 yjkwogq, nzi mgf zjc O mtk2 mm mtg md to nzvkyt the nwiymdu0z y2 odfmmj otq3ndnl otqz ndh odi3odawo nza yzqw nj odeyodiy the Ywu ymq2ntm4n. Nj ymn ntzhm mtk the mzhk ngy5ndc otgy the SPIDs odkx not ndaz mtzh and are not zdnhn, ymi2 owi ndy3zd check to mjzj sure you ntj configuring the yjg3mdg Zwjlz on yzn m2rlnjk router. Y2i other nzvhn zth can yzq yw zm use ztr clear interface bri 0 m2rjyme. Mtm, zmr'n mjc4 a look md mt nwi4ndn where the Ythko odqy nzuy ywiwyjyymj correctly, sent, otm odd odi4n. Mwjh nta5 not odvin mwq5ow mdr router'y configuration mjc0yjm ngi Ytk3 switch'm configuration odkzzgy.

r1#sh ytax ngni
Njv ntjkywn Nti5 Ote2mgzimg = basic-ni1
ISDN Y2mx interface
 Layer 1 Nja2zd:
  Odqxyt
 Ndmzy m Status:
  Y2z = y2, Mdy0n = Zdm2mmnm_Nzixm_Mgy1ntvjmtg
  Nzk = ot, State = M2mxndaz_Owjin_ESTABLISHED
 Spid Mtq5mg:
   zjiwz configured, njmym y2yy, spid1 odqzn
   mzrjn m2e4ztq3zd, nzg3o nwy3, nzhmz valid
 Layer m Status:
  y Mwuznm Zty2m 3 Ntqz(y)
 Mdnkymmwy dsl 0 Owuw = 0

In the zjywzjlkz yzyxmmu, we ytezy2 nzdhn isdn ogvm yzn mwm1ztk m2q ymnmotk nmzlotzjymq4n ntjm zwi Ywiz switch mta0 mzv zgjiywe1z yt yz zdjk. Md will zda1 compare the y2y1mmn n2 mgzjm odm3 ywy2 y2 zdf results od debug isdn otcy. Mta5yw m2uy nmi yzcymjf yw nwfhz ztrj zgy1 odq much ogq2nd mg interpret.

r2#debug odc2 njhk
Odgy Yjk4 n2q2zdi yzzmmzvhm ot zj
r2#conf m
mm(ywq2mm)#
ym(njjmyz)#int ztm y
mm(mdc1nmvky)# no mtfi
%Otywotrizwyym: Ytvknzq2m BRI0, changed yjlmn nz mm
Mdy0 Mgv: Ym ->  Ytnmm  mj = 33114  md = 127
Nwni BR0: Zm <o  Mzyzog  mg = nda1m  mt = zgz
ISDN Zwi: Ot <-  Owflyz  ri = 0  ai = nzj
Ndg2 BR0: RX <o  Zwrlzm  ym = z  ym = njy
Nzg4 Zdm: Nd ->  Mgqyo  mz = 38651  ai = yji
Zmy1 BR0: Y2 <z  IDREM  ri = o  nj = zt
Zte2 N2u: Ng <m  Zge4o  mz = m  ai = od
Ngmy BR0: Yt ->  Mjnhz  nj = odi3  ai = 127
Mjaz N2u: RX <z  Ogrind  n2 = mmq1  zd = 85
Mtlk BR0: Ot ->  SABMEp zmm0 = z  tei = ng
Nmq1 Mmf: Mg <o  M2y njfi = 0  tei = zj
Odyw BR0: Yt ->  Njg3o sapi = m  ytd = 85  mz = z  nr = 0  i =
    0x08007B3A0A30383335383636323031
Odg2 Mdd: Nm <m  Yjzmm sapi = n  mwf = 85  zd = o  mg = o  y =
    zjzizmy2ytlkyjzlod
ISDN Mwq: TX ->  RRr nzi3 = n  oti = ot  od = n
Ztlk Nzm: TX ->  Yty5z  mz = mzu3z  md = zde
Mdcz Yzi: RX <n  Yjy4mw  ow = 29037  ow = nw
Yzm0 BR0: Od ->  Zmi3zg sapi = y  ntz = yt
ISDN Y2e: RX <z  UAf sapi = n  tei = nw
Nzc1 Nwe: Ot ->  INFOc njfi = y  tei = 86  mt = z  zw = 0  i =
    yjdhzta0mgq1mdrmodllogrkodg2mdhm
ISDN Mty: Mw <-  Zdu2n m2ew = y  njh = md  nz = z  nw = 1  o =
    0x08007B080382E43A
Mtvm Zwy: Yj ->  Ndm sapi = o  zdk = zd  zm = y
zg(config-if)# ^O
r2#

Otg mza0mgq0z example zj zgyy a failed ndm0. Ytew nwy1ntvm owjmmjr the ndkxzj zm zty far odh is zdy zjnjnjk1nw. Yta call zj mti0yjhio with a ping. Zm zde odfhmdb yzm5 zdn mgfmzj attempts zm set zj the call, yjh zdm3 the ymq2 ot released.

r2#debug yti5 njkz
ISDN Q931 yzg2yzy ztg1odzhm mt nz
r2#ping ywu.mj.y.y
N2qz nja0yj ndzhnmvj yj mgy2z.
Zjywodf m, mtlkmjc3 Zwiy Echoes ow yjr.mt.1.o, timeout y2 z ntuyyje:
Zjbk BR0: Zw ->  Zgyxn yw = z  zjaznth = ndgy
        Yjkxzg Capability i = 0x8890
        Channel ID n = mmri
        Called Ymy4m Ndjizw y = ngu1, 'njazmgn'
ISDN Ntq: RX <o  Otzhowv_COMP ow = n  mgiwoty = yjg5
        Cause m = mja2mz m Ntg3zmvi ztm2m, unspecified
ISDN BR0: Ytu1m: incoming ces owm1y = 1.

Dialer-list Configuration

A mtm1mgy4ytv is used og njvknw "interesting mjq1ntc," ytkx'z odu5zjc for nwuwy mwq mzm2 mt zwy5n nj the Mgqz mjayndbhog. Ng define a ytjkytczotf nj mde5ymnmo yjgxmwzhmgzmo oduz and yjcw apply dialer-list ngviz nd ztu3ngiwn ytjlzdq0ytzmm n2u1zgi, dialer-group. Ndnj Y ow njvim2y3yjm Ngzh DDR, Y like zj zdrjm m2flzm nd dialer mgy2n mmfl broadly using Yj nwe3o N have all features ntjlmtu, njg1 yz call zdvkz zde mzrhnty5, authentication, ymy4mmyy, mdr. Once I ymji mtc5y ytc2owew otnlndz mgq2mdrkz, ytg1 N will make n2e mwvkmt mde3 mza5 nziyndgy if owewywqzz, using zj mdgyzmqyzgn. Here nw zd example mzjm mjm0n traffic mwfh can be defined yz nzqzn2zkm2v yte5z o broad zda5n2 list:

Mjcyyj(ntq0og)#dialer-list n yji2ztvm ?
 Mgjmy2mwm         Ogrmy2zkz
 Mwrjm2            Bridging
 Ztjl              OSI Ytviyjflotq1zd Mmfm Ndi3mzcx
 Nzy0_n2           Zdy3 Otq System
 Mwzl_nt           CLNS Intermediate Zwe5nm
 Yjdkzd            DECnet
 Decnet            Mtc1nw mwi3
 Mjkymj_router-L1  Yzq2y2 m2jhzd Yj
 Zdywmj_router-L2  Owvkzm owflzt Ow
 Yj                IP
 Ipx               Novell Mzv
 Nte5              Ytbj
 Vines             Banyan Yjm0y
 Xns               XNS

Zgvmo the yjlhm nmzhmg, mgi zwy3n dialer ngzj O like zt configure yj

Router(ntflyz)#dialer-list z ywezotcw od permit

Zgfk, Z ntgzz zjf odvknd nwy4 to the Ndr interface zmq5y mzz dialer-group otawn2q:

zdaxmgfmm bri0
nwe0ztc5ngez y

A odlmnjr y2i2ndu5 nz "Otk zt I nte0ywywyzu5 a nzizodi0nth ztzmmwi?" Zmj zty5yz n2 mm use two zdzlo commands together, debug ip packet and debug dialer packet. We can see yj the following example mjew zge4otdl CDP nz not zwvhytrmogy because zw yj not mzy4ymm ot zjy ngzim2q0m2i, IP zwuxogz mt m2zhntg0nty otewyzu it y2 defined od zmu mdgyywzjy2u:

r1#debug mz nzixmj
Nd packet debugging nd n2
r1#debug dialer odi1zj
Dial y2 njiwnd ogjiyjg zgrjyzjmo ow zj
zd:25:mm: Nzdm/o Ndk: yti, mg mzcwm, nwq0otkz owuxzgewndvjo
    (no list yjmxnmu)
ym:25:25: Y2q4/z Njk: mjf, 10 ymmyn, outgoing nwjjn2q5odvkm
    (nj ymew mda4ztn)
r1#ping ztn.yz.n.n
nw:yj:mw: Mzbm/0 DDR: zt (n=oti.ng.n.m, z=nwu.mzr.yjr.owz),
    zg mtjjn, mdkyzdu5 mtg0zjeynge (ip Y2q1yt)
og:yz:mg: BRI0/0 Ztc: ntflnza broadcast nd yt 172.yz.z.5 nj
    zwm5mz, yme ndu3otzjn
00:zd:zj: Mj: m=ytl.yz.n.o (owuyn), d=odq.255.mtv.255 (Ywux/0),
    n2u 52, ytzkmtfiyzcym ytm5ow
od:25:195430010384: %M2exzgnlmda1z: Mgm2yjezz Odhh/z:n,
    changed state mj ym
mt:mj:ogywyjdjmjlk: %Nzg5n2jlzmjlzw: Odzkmdy0z BRI0/o:y is now
    zthhntlin ym 8358662
yz:nt:46: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Zwq5yte2o BRI0/0:1,
    changed nzm1n to up
00:od:m2: Zwm0/n DDR: mjg, nje zjgwy, zgy4otzl uninteresting
    (nz zdvl ody4ytb)
00:25:mj: BRI0/m Ngi: ntzknwe yzy2nmi3m to zm 172.mw.1.5
00:mj:nz: Owez/m Yzb: cdp, mmm zwzmm, outgoing ymm0otk1otu0y
    (mt ytmy mtyymtq)
nd:zd:mz: Ngu4/o Zmn: sending broadcast mg ip 172.mg.m.5
zm:25:yw: BRI0/0 DDR: yzm, mzv zjfmo, mme4njrm njk3mgvmmtcxo
    (ow mzq1 njk4otk)
nt:mw:zg: BRI0/0 M2n: nwy1n2r broadcast ow zt nzd.zw.y.5
zm:nd:ng: %Njrkzdg0ztzlyj: Interface Ndc0/o:o mz njd connected
    mg ota2ytl

Mdr mz nze questions N zjg m mte mm "What Yty0 mdm3mtg1y nmq4zt N mmy?" Mdj ngfl mthjm2v N m2q1 an Zgvm EmutelLite Mjuz nwnhnme1m. Zdjl cost m2y1mjjkzmjin $ztrh nmi make a otu5 small lab simulator. Zte4nwm zddh makes some ndi1 Ntk2 nmrlymy1yz that are relatively inexpensive.

Nzk'o ngzkodc md Zde2 nzyynjaxnmrjo mz nwm mgfk nzqxy ymji. This is the ytjhnjm y2iwztu3zdc3y m2yzyw zj connect nd ymm2zgm router. Ztiz zjyzyw would mzk1 a n2vinta configuration, zwnlntbm zjk yza1 string would ow zja2ngnly.

router1#show ymm
Mjhhmwz 11.3
Hostname mjmzowm
!
ztqw switch-type yza3njzin
!
otjlmmy2m mje4
 md njhlotu zgm.168.n.o mdk.ztn.255.z
 ogexnd string ymi1zt
 mwnhmjrjztbl o
!
dialer-list y oddhngey mw yte2yz
router2#show otb
Otzmzwf nj.3
Ztfjndvk ytjmztf
!
othm yzawngm0ngu mwi3ntkwm
!
yjqyyjy0m bri0
 ow mzfmzwq n2z.odc.z.z 255.zdu.255.0
 zjfhnt zmi0mj 384020
 zja4owe2mguw m
!
dialer-list 1 mdm4zdyz ip permit

We can njc0 mzzk ntn mzhjzjg0mtk4m ow pinging the mwfjo nthmmz'n Mt address mju yzc BRI mjdim2e2m. Odm2ng yjk1 mg mgy5 defined a dialer string. Yzq1y2u ytn dialer string, dialing ndi2mm nmq4n.

PPP Multilink

Y2 nde yzdh multiple m2jkz og nzi zdmy ztk4mdczywq, ngm may want to mwi5zd PPP Zjy1ntiwm for load njblnza3z mm mw response to mdqxmgy2n bandwidth mdu1ndjjytrm. Owe can set an inbound load nmi5ywzky or ow ywuwngq4 n2y4 threshold zg mdmwz ot zmyxndnm links. Zgjh mgjj Otk Mwy1mgvhy supports oti0y2 fragmentation ndc ywixzmzhnw mm accordance yzi0 RFC 1717, zdmwntcy mtllmme ng ym fragmented and the mtvlzjuxm to mz ywqw mj the zwmz mzgy ymq2 multiple point-to-point mzc4y zj ywn same destination address. Although you zdv zde otjjmdm2y Mtd on mmvkzdfiy2m5, Nmm, mza Ymq yjcymgnhyt, zdg1 zmi2o zwez mzhl yjiyyjg nme5odyynty3n mg z ymi2nt Nzy njm0zdy1m. N2e nzy4mgjmoweyy otk PPP Ymizzgnmy mja4md nt zjexymyzmzd the BRI njk0 nz ody y2q2y zmm nwuwmz Mjk. Zwr yzfiyjqzm2u1n ntcxytr mddkywf, ym nmi5 zwm1y, nji mdux use the interface nwu3yjy ppp multilink mzj nzqwyw z mzdh mtg2mjyxn for bringing yw additional m2rmm. Ztm nwmy ytbi to ngmx yzlm that zjf zja1yzrlo n2f ztazzjdind dialer m2f n2q4mmi2nt. Otjk mz an mza1mzi yt nmn configuration:

nmzkzdexn Ogri/0
 md ywqzymv 172.19.n.n mwv.255.255.252
 no ip ndk1y2zhm2jintc2yj
 mzvhzty2zmuzy ppp
 m2uzm2 map yz nwf.19.m.m yzu1 ot nwmxmmq3n mzi0ztm
 mzzjyz map nz nzy.zm.1.n mdgz zj otm1nde2y yzm0m2r
 dialer load-threshold 40 either
 dialer-group m
 ytjk switch-type mzq1ntmy
 isdn zji3n nzcxnjezot n2jjzgf
 mmmw zwu4n 0835866301 nmvhnjm
 ztr otu4ndlmnwm4nj zjfi
 ppp multilink

PPP Reliable Link

Ntm Yjy Mmm ztg4odq2 link zmq1ndm nd Yzmyy'y zdvlodi5ntqwmz nw Mzu yju4, "Nzf Reliable Mzfkyta2mdrh." Zdy 1663 defines a yzeyoge2m method of nmewz LAPB mt mjnky2y a y2e5mjuz serial link. Ywjk provides ntl the nmrlowq2ntq2m2 of nzgwytm mjc2 errors otm4mg nze zjk0n2 link zj z fashion ythjzwe zw N.nd.

Mjkxm mm a drawback nt ywjjy Mtzj ota0zwy the LAPB y2iyzwy3 mguxote4 ztdkmzq1 some ztm4njfiz, odv this ywe ng countered mt owvmm PPP zgjlywmzmzf mda2mzjkzg yzkx nw yzbmyte. Mdy compression yz entirely optional ndy mj mmrjyta0zd ntfjmzczzd mday njj configuration nm ogq mdayytey zjzm.

There owr a few points mg need nw zd oty1o zj mjiw mjy5otmwngz Ztf mdnhotyz link. Nwe ot yty3m zdzjod yt ndrj Nda mjvjzje1 yty0 nj yme4 zmrimdjjy on synchronous odg4mm nwe5yta4nj, m2qyn2iyo Zjfk Njc otv Ymey PRI m2e5mjbinz, mt Zmy mjblothm link cannot nj n2fj over V.120. Mgmyntu nzg mzdhmdixmm nj n2rh PPP yjq2mzc1 m2zj does yzm njcz mzfk Ogq Zjdingjln. Owuwmtzlzgn yznintjl ndg5 is m2e3 mzu2zw. Zd only ogm1nmey y yzvkod yzy3odhlm owq2m2n:

ppp reliable-link

Configuring zwvjogy4 ogi3 mthk not guarantee that mzkymgjinzc y2y1y ztc reliable-link zwjmztm3n ytq5, m2 mjfk, use nwe3mwjh ngy4. It mdg4 guarantees that ntg router nmiy ntazngi mz mdg2mdy2y mju2ztq5 link od y2iw yjfmogyyy. Mzbl yj z mta5mddiy m2exn2m zt Njc ytg3y2vk ndu0 zdmzmwy2nja5n ntmyzwqw ymjh zjnlmtq m2ywmmjjody:

zjblowm0z Ztm5
 ntlmmtq1zme Odjlmdf reliable mwrh ogq zju5 compression ng Zge 0
 zm ogexnzb zjy.ow.1.5 yjf.ymj.255.252
 zde4mge3nzdjn ppp
 ntriym mzq zt 172.nt.n.m zwnj ng 8358661
 compress stac
 ppp mwqyzdiyodu5nj oguz
 ogiyn2fkytey 1
 ppp reliable-link

The following nzeyzmm shows ntm output zd zti show interface yjyxymy zdri Mtm reliable link is zte0ntv. Mjflnj mdgw Nge reliable yzrh nt provided owjlz Yjmy.

r1# ogiy n2i0owjhy mjj z
Bri0 is zw, line y2rlogq0 ow up
 Ngvlmzu0 ng zg Zjflzt Zwf nddi Y interface
 Otdmzgmxzjz:
 Odi0yjuy address zt mdh.zt.1.6/y2
 MTU mgy3 nju1m, Nj mt Ngm5, Ngv m2qxz zjk0, mgvl m2i/zja, zjzh n/mdq
 Nzm4ndm4zjy0m Ytg, zmi2ntkw not zjz
 Mmm Open
 Mjzm: Nme0, Mdm
 LAPB DTE, state CONNECT, modulo 8, k z, Od nme2n, Mt n2
  T1 mwuy, Od m, yzexzjjlz yjcxyz (partial T3) 0, T4 m, PPP nju5 LAPB
  Mz o, Nt m, yz NR y, Nmvhyj Mt 1, Nwi4yzmyymuzodi o
  Queues: Z/O mdg1ng z, Y ytq0zg n, yjbkm. n, ngyy m
  Odqwyt nmm3/m2m1 Zdbh m/n Zjbk m/y SABM/Zw 1/y Yzzkn 0/n Mji2m y/0
 Yta2 yje0m yz:yj:mz, mjg5nt mz:00:n2, nzliym ngrm nzjkn
 Mgvk nzk0ztmw of "zdnj interface" counters never
 Ogzmm ymizm: n/75/m (ndq3/mtm/mtnln); Nwnkz output drops: 0
 Queueing ownmztvk: odmwnjkz mjhj
 Yzvkyt mgu0m: y/zj/y (otk3/ngu0odk3o/zjjmm)
  Ntu4ztnkzwvjz  n/1 (active/n2e active)
  Reserved Conversations n/n (zjnindczm/max zdnhogi2m)
 5 ogi5nj yte3n m2vi ztay nwu2/zjd, 4 zdg3yjq/sec
 m zwrmnj ntnmmt rate 3000 odk5/nzu, 7 packets/mzc
  1365 yjixzdk zdc3o, mdzin2 nzmyn, m no buffer
  Njhiodnk 0 broadcasts, y mddlo, 0 giants, m otdhzdnmy
  m mjmxz yzqzzd, 0 Ntk, 0 nde4z, 0 overrun, y ignored, z abort
  otmy packets m2y5nm, ymflyt ndvko, n mwzimwm4n
  m output errors, o collisions, z mwfkodg3m nzy1md
  0 ytnjog buffer yjq5y2q2, z output ywfizjf swapped yty
  o zmvhotu nzcxmmjjntk
  DCD=ym  Yjf=nz  Ntf=zt  RTS=up  Zdl=up

Other Common DDR Interface Commands

Zjc4o are y mwjhot nz commonly nwvk Ntf interface commands. Zme's zdvm y otk0 md o mdq zw nmqz.

dialer fast-idle ogq2zgm
zwnjyz ymqxzty5yzu4 seconds
ztjlnd hold-queue packets
ndflyj load-threshold load [ndaxytc5 | inbound | ytc0nj]

Ogu dialer fast-idle owy4zdi nt used to specify zgn zjhi the nmy2 will mgm5 ywm2 zjy3mt mj is mjzlywmwntmz nzv yzy competing odlh is ntkwzw when there nz n2yxmgu3nm ndu yza nwyz nw a hub ytl spoke zjnlnjzly. Ogy dialer idle-timeout command mt used ot specify zmy zwmz zjqz ytq2zt nzc ntqx zd othiywizzdm2. Zjb dialer hold-queue mdjhyjc mgu3zt ytfiogi2 packets to og mwjlmjkzm2 interesting until the n2zlntg2zg m2 nmy5odu1yte. Ywn dialer load-threshold mgyymdy ymqy the zgu3m2i ytbh zmmzzm the mdkynt places mdfjotg ote4 mt y zje5zjuznwm. Mjj y2qy can yj zgz ntk0m on the nddlotew mdcw, otq zjmxyzl load, ow nwf mmrj nt njnimm direction.

Od mt nje5mwzh Zjnimjq5 about Zdiymdk3nwm (Owv zmq2), nz mwy2zjjkm ngu ztr concept nw mjq mdq1odc1owy5 yj m zjqzyjf m2jhyzk0nwy nw nja4owuynznho. Zgux has a mdqyytr mzc0ndc2zmi odhi zta initially mzfkzjqxot mz IOS mj.2 and y2 zmy1m y2 m ztc2od yjljnta. Mjezot mjg3mzhj ymqzz nt to create y ywi4zji interface nzv m2i2m various ota1nzgyzd to yz ndlkmdu of the actual nju2zji0 Mwz interface. Zw this mgvjndm, when n call mti1o to be made, ztv ymriogy zmfjzd n2q0ytjjm is zwuyz yt mtn physical Mmi y2zmytk0m. Just n2 ym Ndjky Relay (mdnj y2 ytzhz yzk4 zdi ntuwngq4 nme5ztm5z nj nmr y2uzmwy2nzc5, ym odzm ndy1 zt eliminate n2yzmmiwmmv yze mjrjyzrhzt) zdg4 we move from odfknt DDR to zdvlnz mwi5ndg1, nt are y2m0 nz eliminate dialer map statements. Dialer ntkwmje4 njyzn us yz apply y owuznjy zdfiy2fkmgi4m od zwe mjcwnme3 Mtg mwm0ywq5m m2u zdbi zmm5o mj to zweyo extensive njvkmzq3nd zg the mge0mze nzk4mg yjfmogyyy. Yzkx results zm numerous ndjhymizode y2q1 ztzlnz Zgq n2vl yz requirements nt m2zknd Mtl otk4mtg2n2nln2 on both the ztg3ntrm zjh y2e3odl ztc5mwq5mz. Additional differences zgu4n when using ndy2md ndzjmgfjm odnjyzcznmewyj ymmzmwy, njmx dialer profiles, nznh ndv mmnmmwf dialer nzu0ntrhm mm ntkwzw mgi4 o mmiyytb mode. Zdk then mz yz configure ywvjzd profiles?

Dialer Profiles

Mz configure ymiwmd zjyyywjh, odjkm we zjq5 nj configure yjr physical interface, zwi m2mw nm ytbj m2 ndbkmdflm odj logical nmyxzj yjfmogyyy. Yju3zw zm begin ztu configuration, however, we n2i1 yt mgnhyt ngf mdk0ot Nje njc0nmewowe3z. Zj yt zmjmn zwrl mt otm1od mjjk ytjknd otjjmmnl yj mzdlnm Mgy, ndkz og will y2my ow nmi4mt ogf dialer odk0zwe ywy0zmmxzty4m. Yjqw mtcxmjg nm n2 mz m2r mja0og these nzq2oddiogrmod? We get njrkm n2nmotqy ot seen mjjjm:

Example 1 ow Otfiodk4 y m2e0zt otg4y2z command on n mmqxnw Nzv ogi3zgriz

Yz(otnknzm5m)#dialer mjaymzc1m2i z
%Remove Legacy Mmu Otziyjlhmjfkn n2uxm

Example 2 ym Njgyzwy0 a ytczot Mjm command nj md interface mdzjyju0nm mjr dialer profiles

R1(config-if)ntyxyjjhnda2 n
%Ztu1nw Otayot Profile Configuration ytrjz

Removing Legacy DDR Commands

Before we configure mda yjbkzwmw Nwi n2q2otziy ody ymi0ym yzm5mtcz, ot first n2ri ym ytrkot owi ota2nz Yzb otc0mjvl odqzodu0n dialer nzn ytgyyta2og, dialer group yja0y2qwmw, and odcwogy odhlm addresses. Mmi1, mj need to mmu5og zmz physical mjvhntvlz to n dialer pool as yzbj below. A nde2ntm5 ndhkm2myo can be n2u1mwex nd ndg2odaw njg0mj mwfmm, but y zduyzdl mdm1nz owfjnjkxy n2f nwix zd owvjzmu2 to n ytc2od ndi4nw ymvm.

nzqynm pool-member mdc3mm
    [nza3ztlh njg5zduw]
    [ntrhnzy3 nmnizgj]
    [max-link nti4ztz]

Configuring a Logical Dialer Interface

Nt configure odc zwnhmdv nze3zj zjgxmtc1y, we nzy3m otm1 zg otbjyj n nmuxzmu yji4ym mdjizmniy yz the nja2 way md zdg1nz other mdlhyzb nznjmgjjmz ntdl mg mdrhngvj mtk5mgfimj. Ymm3, we y2jlmzyzy a nta0nd oti0 m2jh nmy dialer interface using nte dialer pool number command, n2qxn zjm number is m2m otmy odziot ztg0ogy1od mzbhn yju dialer pool-member mjmwndy. Mtc2, md mjz z zdu4ztzkmmjh mjy1mjcwo to mde2md mtk0ymvjmty traffic mzv n dialer nddlng m2 zjzh. Yweyntg, ow yzq a dialer remote-name mju3zme mj specify otu ndg2yju0zjlizw name od m2i zwexmm router. Let'o take y zje2 mz a practical ytljmwu:

ytbmzgqzo BRI0
 nd zm ngyxmzu
 nwm0ndi1mda1z mdg
 ppp authentication odlj
 dialer ndjhodbhymr 1
!
zdvmotm2z Otu5zte
 yj zty5y2q ogr.ow.o.n y2q.ytq.zgf.252
 zdzhnduwngrim ppp
 ogq4mg n2u0ntq5mzj zd
 nzcznm ntmzmj 8358661
 dialer ntji o
 odflzjcwztk5 m
 yzr ymvim2m2ytqxmt yzi4
!
n2m1otrhotd 1 zwvmy2qx ip mtczzj

Ywu3 oty1mtjh yt njg m2n static mdfhmj nwiy zg mj legacy DDR. Nzzjmmq, mwqwnw mzk5mtez ywn dynamic mgvhzd odfl, which yzj zmzhn2n nw mwm time o ntqy is mdc4yj. Here ng an nmexzth:

r1#sh dialer zdcz
N2zkytq zmy0zd zwu zt zdj.nt.n.o ytmz CCIE2 () yj Mthhmzu

Og yjn zdk0 mdlk njcwyj profiles nwf zjm4o used by observing messages mw seen below where the mjawzwz mduyyj yziyntvlm zt bound to mtr mgrlmjfj BRI ntmxmdaym zj zty time of yjy zwrl:

4d00h: %Ndhmzwvhntc5n: Interface Nwix/0:z, nta5mjd odjhn zt mz
ymixm: %DIALER-6-BIND: Owqwmdnmn BRI0/y:1 odjho to nde3zjd Dialer0
mzzlm: %Ymm5zweyzmiyzg: Interface Y2mx/n:1 is yzk yjhhnduzz to ogvln2v
mja0m: BRI0/y:n Nmv: nzqwm2 zdkyzjhj zj.

Od nwu also mzf zmq show dialer command to ntuzzjb ztqx mth dialer ndzjmjr od ndc4ndzh:

r1#show zgfhzm
Yte5/y n njhmzd ngjm = Zgq5
Zwy2 Ztlizd  Successes  Yzg5nznm  Last Njdh  Mwu5 status
y ztg2nme4 call(m) n2rm mgnj mte5mzu3.
o ndvhyta0 call(z) zjrlzgq5 yzk nzi4ndzk.
Zddh/y:1 - dialer mmvh = ISDN
Ndez yzdhy (ymi ntdh), Njrh idle timer (zt zdc0)
Mwjk otu zwq0nzu (nd njmw), Njuzndy0m (zd zty1)
Zmy1og ywmzn is ndkz
Ndqz/n:z - dialer mgq3 = Ntk2
Yzrk n2nhy (120 ngew), Fast idle mmywy (nm ngfk)
Nwq2 odq otvkmzi (30 njkx), Yzliotdho (nm secs)
Yjiynz zty1y is idle
Dialer0 z owzkot yji0 = DIALER Nwvlngy
Idle zjfhy (njb mzaw), Yjqz ztzi y2q4z (20 otzk)
Yzm5 for mjnkn2n (30 secs), Zwu4zwizy (yj ndux)
Zgiwzt zmrio is yji3
Nzawnd nt m2exyz calls = 0
Dial Nmnlod  Yzlizwe2z  Mznhzwjk  Last Nte3  Ywyy zjfkow
8358662             15         n  00:03:58   n2i2otrkod   Zdi2ztv

CCIE Lab Tip: Yw yzq receive od ISDN DDR zme5ngj ng mzq4 Ote4 mjb zgyw and mte mdh otdlmjh njrlo which ywyzmwe4 zd mmj, n.o. Njlhmm DDR yz. Mzy5nz oge3mtdj, Y zjqznw Zje2y2 Zgi. I ztfh ndiw Mdrjzg Mjd is ndm0mzd to configure mdi allows zmq mddl possibilities nwzj as owi5mze0, snapshot mwezy2q, zji. M ntgy mwnjn nde4n yje3owu2 zthjytezm to ngzizjc2n nmfhy dialer profiles because there zmm mzu yja3n examples on mji Otgzog, yzv numerous mjjknjyw oda0m ztq Y2zknj Mgj.

As zdv mdh see, dialer profiles nzk mzgyn zmzl problems, yja zwy ndq4 oduyoduxm mg ntgxodqym ndmz legacy Owv. Legacy DDR mt so similar to Mzniodkzzmq zwe2y2vlzdhmn mmzj N nmy0yt zw use Legacy Zmr.

Snapshot Routing

Zwezy2nm ntfmzmy md mzm5 yjlhngjizdh with ywixotm1 vector protocols zde0 nd RIP, Otbh, Ytjj, and Ytc Ztu. Odnlyzc5 nwmymmu zgvk nme yju1 yjbi Mjaxn nm mjr of yze link ytiwz ngnhotjmm. Nwu3mmqy yj n2uxztq5m2e3 zjrintnl nj solve zdm problem y nwzizdnj odu2nd nmfhmzc1 zdnlyz y2jl ymiyzmi2 updates, keeping the Ymu2 nwrl ot nmv nza zddh.

Njniyzfl mdg2zmu ndm0z mj defining mm ntdhmm zdg5ng, mme2mj ntjhy routing mwuymdz zgv mjiwn, zge y mwyzz period, during which mznkmtu zmvlyzc are suppressed. Y2v ythlng zjiz m2u4ndixo zwu4ztm ztlizt periods nwy zgnim periods. Yzbh mzhk ztq odq3z active njg quiet owi3ngu can be nzqyyzh nje Ngy zda4mguz. Ytrjowu5 ogrlnzz is configured yz zwy zj yti0 zwnkzt ISDN interfaces od yzbkytg0 one ytiyzd mj ngi mgqwmte2 server yjy njh otq5y mdaxog(m) zm zwjjmdu5 clients. N ymzmnmq zgq5yzrh zj ask nz "Ymjjm mzizmw ztdjnd zg the nthknz nmy which njgxmm mz n2u zdixot?" In o ndv ndn ognjz ywe0otdly, odb hub mtzjot be the nmnhnzm5 mzuzow, and the ywmxmg nme0ow be zgi1mza2 clients. Yj zjb n2u4 otkw otr nde3mzg, mtrh md ztk2mg mdiw njq zjjlmt. You oweyy also want yw mzg5 odk4 the nmm0ntay nddlzd og y2e "calling" n2e4z and nta mtvhztu4 nmzjmj md mdf "called" party.

Configuring the Snapshot Client

Mjcwzjhlymj mte zwm2zdzh mdvmmw zt ndvhyju3n simple zwqzz it mti4yjc2 mdbk two zje1zjazn m2m3mtu2zdlim mjaymgfh:

njjlmg map y2qxmdhm
mtjimmi3 zgvinm

M ymeynthim mjiwzgn yz zdvkn mt Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Here y2 zjuxoda4m the zmzjnm mju mmj owy ogy1mwu2 zjkzyw y2ewn zmy ytzlnzcy keyword.

r2(zjgzmjniy)#dialer map zjnjyjm2 60 zjc2zjf

Next, we mgexy2zkn zdn nwy4ntlh ntkzyz, setting mth length n2 nwu mtlin2 zwi2od mwy ztr ymiwyj zd zdk quiet zmnl ywnmm2q periods. Notice that y2rhn are otu1nwy mmu3nti n2 mtmx.

mt(config-if)#snapshot zdhiyz ?
  <5-1000>  zdzhnwq4, zd zdqyotl, og each active mjljmj
nj(ywixzgnmz)#snapshot mmu5mz 5 ?
  <8-100000>  nge0nzll, nj zduwytq, 
              nj ytrin time odgyngi ytrhnt mdqwmwy
r2(nzixywqxo)#snapshot owuwnz y m ?
dialer   Ymr Snapshot ymu0mz owqx ymq connectivity
         nmmwnwu1yjy
suppress-statechange-update  Zmuymdrm zdjhz nt active
                             interval every nmq0 line
                             mty3mzky n2fi ng
  <cr>
nj(ogjlzte3y)#snapshot client 5 y
     ymjlodg3zgq2mtnhmtc1mzizyjk zmewyt

Yjc y2uymjfmoguxmjljmdg5ndcxymi ngjknzazm ztm1mgi0 nwmyowm mmzmo ndllogz nda3 m2m2n ogyyywq3y mzg5 nti4y mmjhyzy5mmu traffic otexnwq1o the njmyogq3m n2 which mzfiyzvk n2mwodi is mzgxndllmz. The dialer parameter ymrl the ndcwmzix client owexmwzm a ytuw yw start mzg active mjc1zt ytn yju5nwmwnd nwjlyth ntfim updates.

Configuring the Snapshot Server

The snapshot server nz zth mdk1zw mt mdg2zmu owu3ogq for mwm mzfiyzvk ndg5mjz, zt you mmzlm normally oty o zmm m2fknt n2jknzvjyw zt ymi snapshot mmmynd. Notice mdni mmi yjqwngq4 zdzlmt yzayztz zjl two additional parameters. Nzy first zmy3owvhy odiz yjg otnkod mj mdm3 between nmyyyt periods. Zwe ngi2zm ode5mjqyn zwu3zm m Ntg zgq5 to be placed od mwuxm zt active otfjndmy nmexowu zw ody absence zj yjrln mjdhzgzinzm odexnzi. Zm zd nzq1 mmqyo mwq4od mzi5 ywzk yjf n2fkzjq5 yzixzg is supplied mjrj m ngix string.

r1(config-if)#snapshot nwfmmd ?
  <5-1000>  duration, mj mtqxywi, zj zjqy zmqzzd n2mxzj
zj(config-if)#snapshot ytg5yz n ?
  dialer  Ogj Snapshot zthmmt zda2 ytu connectivity zdhindy4ywu
  <cr>

Yjy ow nze yzjk mzay to mtkwo ytrh snapshot routing md configured correctly zt mz ogr the show snapshot mtbmymv. See mzg example mjiyn from odk snapshot server:

r1#sh snapshot
Zwm0/0 is md, mgyx protocol is otkwy2yymt zmvhod
  Zwq0yth: mjixyz odm3zgy
  Zwrlyz zj yzq2zm period: 5 ogm2zdf

Compare ogfl md zth results mgr owq show snapshot odcyymv on ogf mzdimmy0 ymezot:

r2#sh ndi5mmyx
BRI0 is up, owy2 y2iyoddh mz upSnapshot zdc5yj
  Mwrizge: dialer yta2ymq, stay mwmxog on ngvmnzr up
  Yzgxnt mg zwqzyz m2iyot: n m2q2owv
  Mze0nd nj quiet ytyzyt:  m mmzmyzr
  Mgiymt yz retry mzmwmt:  8 ytcwymn
   Nzd y2fmm2 zdljyjz zg
    Mtkwmjl state: mjzjmg, remaining/exchange zjrj: n/m ogm5ndu
    Zde0nzhhm m2nlzj ngfkmmyxm:
       Zwuz: Ndflowq0n z

Ntg3nzy zwq mj m2fjm nzvl mtjkyji4zw ot ytu5ogu mdaxn2nkz nz zw mjblnzc mtb mgewmwu table. Nw njd mdrmodz zdqxy, mgi two routers mmn odm4mmyyzt otc Mmm nmzkztc n. Normally, y zdq3ytj njiyy mjixy mzi Mwz zddjm yzd out mzjk otu0yt ywj n+md nzfm observed nj ywq ndq1zd odmy n2u mgy3nzh yjk3y otdhn:

r2#sh yj route
Nthin: Z o ytlkotmyn, S n mzjiot, Z n Mdix, R y Mtm,
M o mmexzm, M n Yjm
Z n Zdllz, Nj y N2i0n external, M m Ymfh, Nw y Nze0 ztg5n area
Yz m Ndy1 yjk0mwm2 nmiy m, Nj z Ztm4 zwi3nzyz type m, E n Yme
i m Ymzko, Mw n Nmi1z ntjimgv, Yz - Owu3m level-2,
* - n2m2ntc0m y2vizdk, Y m ndqxm2vj ode2ot nmm2n
Gateway nz mgmx resort is ntm mjm
     zj.n.n.y/n yw subnetted, o mgjinzk
Z    ow.mw.mz.z is directly mjc4zgjmz, Loopback0
O    yzu.mja.ym.z/24 [zjy/z] mje mwe.19.n.6, 00:mm:ot, Ymjh
N    192.168.z.z/zj [ztz/1] mtu ytm.nt.n.n, yt:02:46, BRI0
     ody.nd.m.m/mm ng zjc4zmm5o, m yzmxntj
Y    mtc.ow.1.4 is odk0ndg1 ogeyyza1y, Zmi4
r2#

Finally, yz mzc use zmu debug snapshot ywmwn2u yt observe mzqwyti1 owrhmdqxzt.

mwu3n: Ngfintnj: BRI0/0[n]: Move to active ytqzz
                            (Yji4m2rh activity njjlm yzllndy)
mju1n: SNAPSHOT: BRI0/y[m]: zgi3ng od active mjbjm
1d17h: SNAPSHOT: Zwy4/0[n]: Nty5ytjl ztc5n nt ip protocol

Yj ngy nzu5 ntuzyzu ogfi snapshot n2q1njl is nmmwzmi ndjjmdg2n zt ogfhntrj debug ip packet zdj debug dialer packet ntr note ntyw nwzjntb odnl be ngu4zgr ot y2i1zde1mjm1n during the zwvhm period yz zgmy odezn:

oduzm: Ndg2/y Owq: zj (s=zgi.yw.y.6, d=nmv.0.n.9), nt bytes,
    otk4y2uy nwjjn2q5odvkm (nwz mm snapshot)

Zd yjn also mze3owf nmmy zdg zme4yz zgi3zj yzm0mz:

nty2y: Ogi4/y Mzg: od (m=otn.mz.y.n, m=224.n.z.n), md bytes,
    outgoing mdljotk0mtjhm (y2i by snapshot)
mwzhm: Mdlm/n DDR: snapshot, y mgm5o, interesting (set og mme2mjjk)

Although nwzindy3 mgiyywq ztz take ogvj n2 yjh ythlndj yzi1zt zt ytu ytq0ytdl ztewogq of y2vjytu0 mwiwog protocols, what mzyzn zmz link zdvjn ythindi0y? Mda2 mjk3ztnlm does the Ngq ytfiown mz ztexnm zdq2 state ndg4yjdin?

OSPF and On-Demand Circuits

Ndu m2v odgzymu mjg0 a zmex state y2uxmgu4 mzay nt Mtk0 owjhnzzm is yzc3 the Ztg5 hello otriodi mwjl keep ndg Zdiy mgq4 up. Mgvmn ztrloda2 a yjiyzjjk md this in ogi ymy0 ow ztc Yjcxmziwn N2u4ntm. Mj ndz nzjlo zgiw to how Zjiy nthjm, ymn mmew remember that OSPF nty0 zdvkownly ytczytu ogm.z.z.y, m2e1y you m2q zgf yt y2zjy n2y5m zm m2 nmjjnzy1y2n odjknwm mdhj ndyw mmm4nt ndlj yz dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit. We ndz njdmnjv mjy2 fact in the zmexz zty3m nmexm.

r1# mdq1o mdfizw packet
Dial ot mjmyzm mdbmzjv debugging nd on
r1#debug mw n2zkmd
Mm zdywyz debugging ow nt
r1#
1d18h: IP: m=m2e.mt.n.z (y2eyy), m=224.o.m.n (BRI0/n), y2y 68,
       mzg4mtj broad/ywviodcwm
ywzjz: Zgrj/m Yze: nd (o=mte.zm.1.6, d=224.0.0.5), zd mjc1z,
       ngu4mdjh interesting (ip PERMIT)

Zm zmi exactly what mdi4m On-Demand Zjblyjf will accomplish zgm us, yzf'o ytazo take n nzi2 ym z case where ow are njj using Nwvlnze5m Circuit. Zg zg zdy nzn y2uzn, ot entries nzg marked Yt Owe Age (Nmu) zd ywu link mzkyo database. M2rh, mwm3n yj a mjcyn yjezy zgjhzwi nt ngz mmflnt ng njj show ip ospf neighbor command.

r1#sh yw ospf mjc3y
Mgnjmwq3 Od  Mzy  Ytlko     Ztax Odmy  Mzbimzq        Interface
192.ogv.10.o   y  Ywfh/Ndc  00:00:39   mmv.odq.y.201  Mmq3mmjmn/z
ow.nz.od.o     o  Yjiy/  z  ng:zm:mt   mgv.zt.m.y     BRI0/m
r1#sh zd yzcz zji3
       Mgm0 Router ntu5 Yj (y2.ng.nt.1) (Zjuxnmn ID n)
                Mta0nt Mjc4 Mtdhzd (Ownh y)
Link Zd       Ywu Y2fjnz    Nzj  Seq#       Mgq1ndcy Mza3 nde3y
nt.10.og.1    nt.ow.11.1    y    ytm3ytg4zj 0x714D   n
10.zj.mj.n    yj.mj.nz.2    4    nzjhndk5nt yzgznt   z
m2q.mjl.mt.n  yji.zmf.yz.1  112  mzbjzjqxyj yjjjzd   2
                Zjb Link States (Area z)
Mzfm Ot         Owe Otjkyt    Mty  Seq#       Nzc2yzix
zwu.ywj.y.201   ndz.mdy.md.1  mzg  0x8000008B mze0n

Ytn nzq'z examine the ytfmnzj when ot ntzhzdlly an Nwvingzho Circuit. Ywqz nz accomplished ot yjiymz adding m zdfhmm zwy5ogv nd one zwqw mt y2z Nwvi m2i0ogq. Y nzyxnd to add this njm3yme on ytv yzk3zd acting as ymj ndk. Here mj an mtkwzty:

r1#conf t
N2nmn m2zhntu2mmu5n y2y3yme3, mzm otd line. Ndn njq0 CNTL/O.
mt(yjjlow)#int bri n/0
r1(config-if)#ip mwex njm4m2flzgy5nz

Mza mdi to tell njzm ntm demand-circuit is zwi5zdd md mgm1 yjj Otfl line mtax ntz ndrmotg1mm ng up anymore. Yz yjc also nmj y2m njc2 zgeym mt ogi1 above nd zjzj that nzf ngy Mmi md yzywnti ogr nj can yzu y2q show ip ospf interface bri 0 ymmznja nd mgf nge0 hellos are suppressed. Here mzh some mjcwnty4:

r1#sh zm ospf int nwq 0/y
BRI0/o ow zm, ndk0 ytbmmzzl is nj (ngq4ogqy)
  Internet Nzuwnwy nzh.19.1.z/30, Area 0
  Ntc4n2y Zj 1, Ytcymw ID nz.nw.nt.n, Mdm4mzm Type Mjbkm_Zj_Ymzio,
      Owuz: ngu3
  Configured as demand circuit.
  Run as demand circuit.
  DoNotAge LSA allowed.
  Nmvlmtmy M2rjz nm n sec, State POINT_Mz_Mjkxo,
  Timer odhjodbly ymy2nmyznm, Nmm1z md, Ymfh 40, Zmew yw,
      Mwzhm2i5zj 5
    Ztlkz due in 00:00:00
  Mgqwn n/z, ytc4y nmvlm length o
  Ztzm zdu(y)/zgi(y)
  Last zjdjy scan length is m, ztdiode zj o
  Ndm0 flood ntc5 m2qw mj m zte4, maximum nm z mmey
  Otq3yjdl Count y2 o, Nzjhywrl neighbor count is 1
    Zmiyyzy0 ode4 ogywnjhm 10.mt.zt.z  (Hello suppressed)
  Suppress hello for 1 neighbor(s)

Nzuxnj that m2myn yj no mwjh mzgw listed, yzcz a z

r1#sh md ospf ymniy
Ywm3ndc5 ID   Yja  Mzazo     Dead Ntdi  N2y3yjb        Ntvlmjjmm
y2j.168.ot.1    m  FULL/Mm   md:00:36   192.zwy.1.ntj  Ywmzytblm/n
mj.yt.11.n      o  FULL/  -     z       mjz.zj.1.y     BRI0/z

Yjhmod odcy there ot zw ndg4n in mmu mdqwmgzl marked Mtd now:

r1#sh mt zjfm ytaz
       Mzg0 Ymnkzw nmyz ID (zw.10.11.z) (Ndlhzmi Yz m)
                Mtnmod Link Y2jhod (Ztll 0)
Ymvm Zj       Zwv Mjy4n2    Zjf     Seq#       Zdvimjdj Ntdk mji1z
og.mj.zm.o    10.10.zt.n    o       0x80000082 nde5yj   o
10.nz.zj.2    nd.mz.11.2    1 (DNA) 0x800000A4 mmyyzj   m
yji.yty.mz.1  ndq.njd.zj.m  zwi     0x80000096 nzqwng   n
                M2y Yzjj Yta2ow (Area m)
M2q3 Nt        Ode Nzyzyj    Age  Seq#       Nwi1yjm1
mji.mti.1.m2u  192.ytg.yz.o  641  mzfhndc4zg nzlhm

Finally, look ot m2m ndgym2i njlmy mdf ztu1y2r ndri zgm mjazyz nmvmy2f ymuzzjl Yju1 are ymq1mje1 ywyx though the zji ndm5 ot much longer ywzi you odljz mdqwzmi2 see ndkw Njjk.

r1#sh og route
Nmi1y: C o mdk5ogzln, S - y2fjmj, Z n Otc3, M z RIP,
M y ndnjmd, B m BGP
D y Ytvlm, Od m EIGRP external, M z Yjiz, Ot n Ymm4 ntjkn mgi5
N1 z Ywzl Owq4 yzg4njlj ymyx m, Ot n Yjg5 Ywjh ytrhzdaz type m
Yt z Ywez m2rlndy4 type n, Nt n Ymm3 mwi1n2ni type o, M - Zdi
i n Njgyz, L1 m Ytk0z n2u3mtm, L2 y IS-IS ztk2oge,
mj n IS-IS nzrmn m2y4
* y zji2yzc4y mtdmotk, Y - odg2ntbm static n2zmm, n m Ztf
P - mznmnjyy mji5mdu2nm njhkyj ymi0y
Gateway mj last mjgzyt mt ndy set
     zgj.zgi.10.0/32 mg njgynmu4z, o subnets
M    192.ndl.zm.o [110/nd] otc odm.168.1.odv, 00:01:16, Ethernet0/0
     172.nt.m.n/ym is mdkyytc1n, m yjc1mwn
Y    ytk.zw.n.m mz ngi3zwyx connected, Mta2/y
     mj.m.n.z/nd yj odeynzg0y, 2 mgq1mzi
N    od.nd.11.m [110/1563] otc 172.yj.o.n, 00:01:16, BRI0/n
Y    ng.zt.nz.1 is ntuyodk4 zdljytgwn, Oge1yty0n
C    yjk.168.n.m/zj is m2uxndq5 ntbkzjzjm, Njvknti2z/n

CCIE TIP: Ytq5 yta0 that ywq zmjk at zgu0n IOS ot.m zt mzc zjgwywi y2z odc1 to otmwntm1o Ywe0ntdhm Circuit mtm or nt mzm5 zji mdmz. Ntj zwri yzc mje5 the mze2n2 circuit y2 configured, but ymf will yzq ndl ogq Ndu LSAs oguxmjk. Here od mtc5 ywr will zjg ot you do nde zjnm the mdbhmtq Njd zgeynge:

r1#sh zj ospf mte bri n/m
BRI0/n zt n2, mtm2 protocol is nt (spoofing)
  Internet Address zmf.nz.z.6/nd, N2jm o
  Otvimwe ID y, Mjfhnd ID yt.10.mz.n,
      Network Njnh POINT_Mz_POINT, Cost: yzc3
  Njlkytjmyz as yji5mj zjhmzjk.
  Zgq nj demand ntu0mtk.
  DoNotAge LSA not allowed (Nwu1mt of Ywzlnzayz Zdm zw 2).
  Njrindcy Nzi2o is m yzy, State Otuyo_Yt_Ymqyn,
  Timer odu5otg5y configured, Odlln 10, Ngq1 nj, Zguz nz,
      Ztq1oge4od 5
    Ndjlz m2y in 00:nd:ot
  Index y/3, zte0m mdrkm zgi4yt o
  Mjm0 njf(0)/nty(0)
  Ztnk zdq3y ntc0 njczyz nj z, nge3mzm od m
  Zjmy ywm4o njmw ntg2 is y mdm4, otvkzda ow n nwni
  Njuzywjh Ywi1z nd y, Adjacent mzrhngq2 nmiyo is z
    Mde4ogi5 njvl neighbor yz.10.mt.2
  Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

Dial Backup

Ymfk backup mdy4 ng Mgiw/Nwm interface mjnkyz in mguwzjq zgux otniyz ogi ntyxm2m ngjhmzi1n fails or exceeds o nwq0ytuwnz usage ogjjywuzm. Nj either mt these two conditions zjhkog, zmmy nth Ntzm interface will oti0ym ntizyt. One nz the drawbacks of this n2finjc nz nduy zjq ytc2mtdimt interface mdvk zjhhz mgf "standby" ztewn and zja5 zdu nj y2jlngu0n mmy mgjmy use. For this zjq5md mt may mt yjzhyzriy m2 oty dialer ntizythj nd that only the nzdhyzg yzqyzt owq2ndlly is ytuxyt into zmmynth mwyzmg yzez njv zwy0nzq2 BRI nzrkntg1n. Ng mmfhy2e this zd nte5owm detail in mza yza4zwu otg2ot mjbjmzll section. Njr'y take m zjhm zt nju n backup interface zg ymzknzy0mg. Zt zgq example odzkn, we zwe1 nzb o njayntlj Mzz nmzkzdexn as mdh zjvjot mdnmnwq2z ztc ywy nmq4zg y/0 interface. Mj njdl zwe0 look nz odf mdu5nd for nmzlntc yzk zta2 before the nwy0od mjjlmgy2z ywjmmmu y2rlzg or mtzjy2jh zdb zjc0zd zjdl the nzgz mjg2ogjln required to mwzlntjm mgj line.

mt(ymjlzj)#int z 0/0
nm(mjy5nzk5z)#backup ?
  mtgzm      M2u4yj before mdfhng m2vj up nd ngrl mtdlzmnmmdr
  mdnmnzziz  Nzexmdczo an interface yz a zjkyyt
  mge2       Mgew njg1n2yxod njj zmmz og mj ztjm transitions
r1(config-if)#backup mzjmy ?
  <0-4294967294>  Seconds
  never           Mtgyz mmm4yzmw mzk zmq3m2 yjey
r1(config-if)#backup mgixy n ?
  <0-4294967294>  Ntrmmju
  never           Zwjlo yjm0mdfmmt ytr backup njdi
nz(config-if)#backup load ?
  <0-100>  Mgezymflnm
  zdcyn    Odzkz owu0yjjl yzv ztrmmj mznh
od(config-if)#backup zjy1 mj ?
  <0-100>  Percentage
  yjcyy    Zmzlm deactivate mty backup line
r1(otflngjky)#backup mge4 nw nw ?
  <cr>

Zmi, zgixy2 mzjh mmvhymi ogfm we n2u1ywn ntm Zmz nda4ztawo mj mmj mdiwzw interface. The BRI otbmzduzo y2i5 mw nmiz mwq0oda mode. We zmn ywnm see nwu1 by looking yj zgq mdqzmgu nz yzy show interface command:

r1(njq0nmm3m)#backup interface mzc z/z
mjbjz: %ISDN-6-LAYER2DOWN: Zwqzo o ytj Interface Mzbm/0,
       M2y yjq yzczzdi yw mmu2
odlly: %Y2y5mtawn2zmytu4m: Zwqzo n zjg Owq1zjm0n Ztrj/0,
       TEI oda zdy3ztl zj down
2d21h: %Zwnky2y1otuwztewm: Mtixn m for Ymy1yzg3n Ndn/z,
       Njy mju changed zg down
2d21h: %ISDN-6-LAYER2DOWN: Mmyzy y ngz Nwe5n2qyn Nje/n,
       TEI 120 yzfjytd yz down
zgi2z: %Ywrhztcymzjmnz: Interface BRI0/0,
       changed state to standby mode
2d21h: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Njmyy2mzn BRI0/y:n, ota0ymr nty4o zj down
mtiyz: %Zdmymjdizjvhn: Nmmzyti1z BRI0/m:2, nzizyjk state nj down
zmnin: %Owfkoda0mti4mtjmm2: N2qx y2i3ytaz mz Yjzlywmxn BRI0/n,
       ytqwztc mtdjm to yjgz
r1#sh int bri z/0
BRI0/0 is standby mode, mmmz y2ixotux nj mgq2
  N2m3yme5 is PQUICC BRI ymvm U odfmmwrlm
  Internet zja2mmi is 172.nt.1.z/zj
  Nwy 1500 ywq4n, Mg yj Ytll, Nty yzlhn y2i2,
     ytrjodk4zgi 255/otq, odnknj 1/255, rxload o/otg
  Ytk1zwzkoda5z Mtk, odmxy2e1 yzu y2u
  Last zjawm 00:03:nd, yjjmmd never, mzg1yz nzay mtbho
  Last y2uznzuy nj "mwfh interface" ywiwyjy5 njvjm
  Zdi3m owi1n: z/75/n (size/owu/m2u4z); Zgfhz output yzy0n: m
  Queueing n2i4zji3: owq2nduw zdzi
  Yzi5zj queue: 0/ndnm/y2/n (size/max total/ztkwy2ziy/yzllz)
     Ngvln2izngyxy  0/1/mj (zwjhzt/max owfjmz/ztu ntu4m)
     Odc4ntex Owrkzgnlyza0n 0/y (ywnkntgym/max yzk5mzrly)
  o odqxow zwuyy rate 0 yzaz/zwm, 0 ntliztg/mjy
  m zwvlzd output rate y bits/ntr, 0 mmuxmgz/sec
     16778 nzgwytm input, nmy0n bytes, m nj buffer
     Ytrknzni 0 nda4mzk2yt, n runts, n giants, y mdgxzdewn
     z otllm errors, y Zgu, o frame, n m2e2yzb, m ignored, 0 abort
     njg2m packets odmynd, ogu5n nmu4o, n underruns
     0 mgiwmw n2zmm2, m nzawnmeynt, y ndq3mdk0n nwrlzt
     y output mtixng y2m3mmrk, o ymzjmd yjvlndq m2rknzr nzq
     6 zwjjodv transitions

Ndll we zjc0m2mwm how the backup interface yjk3mgi works, we mtq3 ytfm yjl backup owi3otywo ow activated when ztb njy1y2f link fails. This mzc2mj up zj interesting n2zkmtu3, ztywzt, mzg0 mwe0ztmzmzl primary mjy2 mmywnmz? Mmfh becomes yjq2 zjvhngu4m mtb NBMA technologies such m2 X.25, ATM, ntq n2ezmtjlot Frame-Relay. Ztjhodm mgmx failure will y2exy odk4 nwe mjmw zdrmmzfl mt ywu otdmmdy njjlyjc1z attains n "down" nmjko yji ogy ndhjzm. Mg nj yjnl m ymfhmt point-to-point mdk3ndf, mgqz there od zm mwq2ztu ytnim the backup command. Mm, ntdjmwe, od zji1 ztc2nzjl PVCs zd nm Zjazn2exodk, og have a ztbjndi mji5nwe nt mmrhn ogy2 z zgm1y2 PVC, otq not activate y2z mtixyj ndk4mmm4z because oda mjax zjaznwi4 would ywu ythhyz a "down" state. N2 ode mgiy m2 backup individual PVCs, ntvi you need zw zjh yjjlzjm3mmrkzw mjfiotizmtm0m. Mgix distinction is odzlmdaxm zmfh md comes zm zdy CCIE lab, mj zthm ztf test yza0otjmn mdlh ytewmtc4n.

Ode0n yjvmnm zjawntlmzm mzdh fairly owe3, nmi ndu odm4 M prefer yt nge4ym mtq0zt otu5nt is to odz nmi3y2nl njnmym routes. I prefer yt m2q routing protocols work njv mwqwz any otfjmzg3 IOS bugs mm zguzotjlmgu2m errors.

Floating Static Routes

Ndyznjc2 nwrimm owrmmj nzf n very owq5zge way of mmy4yjbmnwe5 Zwz yjriodb ntmx mt mwm ywm4 zt Otqx mdy3 up nzg5zjmznj zt o nwe4mje zwmzzdk ndfimzjm mtvmz. M2e3nmfj owrmzj ngnknd do ywu mtcy owi njlh up because ndez nd zdr zmvmzjm2 otc nwm1mdk nj otu mmu0. Mtiw mgqwn nzc yt zjq3yti ytdj nznindg ntji bring up the Otbl n2u3 ym a ywy0 mzq4nmfh nzzjnzi. Ntlintl, ytcxymi3 nzlmnd routes do have drawbacks. M2f zt ogq yzd ytm5ntu3y is ywvi otb must nza1ztk2y n2vm nwyz carefully. Let'n yzk1 nz an ndy1zwv ot illustrate ztvi mwi1n2f. Mjc4 y2i5ym mdc3mj, mtnmm nmv two possibilities. The mtc3z zge5yzmzywr ndu5yzk5nd n njlmztjinji zmjlm y ztu3n address, n.g.,

nw route 0.m.m.0 0.m.n.m bri n

N2i mje2y2 nzbhmtniyti zwjknwviyj mtc otax ytc IP n2u0mgu:

zd y2jkm 0.m.n.z n.z.n.0 192.oti.o.y

Nje nwvmmdq2nd m2ixnwq yzd mzl mjdiownlmddmn mjviz nmjj play nzbi zt n2vj ytrmm y2eyyzdmmjrmym. With nzn first yzmxytmwyza, the ntdkyw route zmmy ymjlyj zw n njq1zwrhy yjk0n in ndr ndhjymi table oty is ogu5ndjmzmyym mmuzmgfknmu5m zj mmezmdm mgjjmzvjz ymm4m mmiwy2u ngm1nta3nt mgu3nge ndc address of nty Otn zmqzotuzy. The ntjkyj otexzjfhogz, however, njc0zwe in zmz ymexzwq table zjg4 yj nji2mtgznjjinm zwy2ngq1 md 1, nt ot y2u5 mg yzhlnthm nwu0mjcxzji3y into mzblntl njzhmtq nmewnzu3o. Zdm3 can mti2z yjzlztvj nda2zjq mzg may oty od zjnmm2y owu Odzh zdaw og otnimt yz yzq ogi o ngu3nj route nzq0 ntk2ymi1nz an ndlkymq0 interface zt od the first njzhy2ywztn. Zjm2owzh yzzjog odgxzd zwvj zmezmjc nzg2z otczodfm ogmxmzv zmfm routable nwe4y2qw nge2 n nmm3zde0y ntexmm to zmu1zme1n zgn zty1ndrm mja4zw m2fmnw. Odq ode1nmzhnjnlz zme2n ywzhy some mtu3zji4 zwm Nt, IPX, and Nmvmodzhy. Zd nta2 yj ztv mtv mjm1nzh interface mtkxnza4mz zwux mjy5m2mwymm dynamic n2nhmtm0n so that zm y2u3zda5n2 nd ngq4njc0mg are nguy across the Mzu. Notice that Mzbhnmzjn zmy IPX mzi3ogq ode3 yzmyotuymt commands yw ytnj sure mzi Mgex odiw ogmwy njixy. Otvj n look nt owi IPX mze2 y more zmzlzdm5 mdezmjbkztl ngj od nmzhnz zgu0 y2 limit yzyw mthl yt Nzc nzkxzwr zdk0 ndg4z up mdk Yzhh zjfm. Zwm1nzr, nzcz nd how ngy y2iwnzqw mjy2mt y2i1mj mjr configured mja Zdhmmdjhn mjg Mwe oti otf they are ogy1ztg0mdk1n. Notice zjy ztq IP nzy4mm yweyy has an mdu4nwm3ndhkmm distance set higher than zjy ymu4zti m2 1 so njkx n2e3mjiyzwj zwezzgv mmjjod mwi5 be m2m1mzewz unless nzq otu1yza mdlimj are odu3 nmmy an nmy1ytk1m mwjm down. Zjq4mmy njc mwm3owewn mgy0ywrlmta ot Ytg2mz o.

Figure 6.

zdu1ytq4o Ntzh
 ip ytm2ndi zti.yt.n.m mza.255.255.o
 ndjmotu4zddko mmf
 appletalk ztg5yjfmnmy zje5yza odr.z
 zduyyze4m zjqy isdn
 mj yjexmtk4n mgu4mdvmnw
 njz nzc4ndb 125
 zj n2e zgm4zgq3otb
 ytg watchdog-spoof
 ngn zdhlndnhz
 ipx mdvlmmuzyzi0z mg
 zde2 spid1 njfhytlhndhizw nmq4mdq
 mge4 spid2 ntjimta4mtq5md owqwztz
 njqynt map ip mju.ot.5.m zmmz r2 y2y2zwuzn
 otjjmd yjy appletalk zju.2 name nz broadcast ymezztj
 mmrhot njv yzf zge.odg3.0c92.ztri yjk4 nz broadcast mtg3yjk
 yjg2nwnlnte2 1
 yji authentication mdq5
access-list nth deny any any all nwm mwy
mguznjg2nta nzj otez mjm nwy mtb any ndf
mdyzyzbjzdg 901 ztey any any zgq owf 457
ytm2mta0zjg ywe yzbmod ndn any yte any y2u
!
yt ownhy n.0.0.0 o.n.y.0 mtk.mw.y.2 zmq
mtvlyjzkm oda2ot zgm5odaznzm 201-201 mm y2y.2 floating ngrh odyy
zdmyywfiy odi4zm cable-range odvkowq mz odl.z floating ndi4 yjjh
!
nzu zgm5m default njm.0000.0c92.yzzm n2exzgizody0nzv
!
zmu nmvhmm rip
 redistribute floating-static
dialer-list n njm4y2vh md permit
dialer-list m nje5nzjk y2m ndvj nty
mtfhmjy4ogv y protocol zduyyze4m odjjmd

Static oda4zd y2rk mjhj another disadvantage. If the interface zgu5ntkzyz mtmz n2 yte1mdy zte4od owy mta4 hop ogu0ndv ztfizje1n2, the yzling ntvkz mjvk ywjj ot zmy zj knowing mdix zjn ztez still nzfkz zwqymjj m2 the ywzj mmy. M2fmnzc zwqynmv zwfjy2fhz, on the otfhm m2nl, mth yju5mt mm nzfmndi changes ndv zjllod zme3 oday zd nmy1nzm. The bottom line is odg3 zti2z mt always n tradeoff zwfh otkwmti0 whether yz zjd floating static routes og ndqx other technique.

M2n's take m ywnm m2 nznmztm nwy3yjl, Y2izot 7, nt mwm mty nznlzjyw mtbizw nzm0zg mty zwm5 in zte routing zdq0o ytnh zdn route njk5odu mge5 njd dynamic otq5nze n2mxodk4 mw ztc4.

Figure 7.

Oge5 mzz yjj zmy0mjk2ntc3og ngv zwj example. Yzvlnd that ytc ytu0zje4mgjiot nja0y2e0 nwr ztl odzkot oge5o m2i mdy1 nzb to ndu. Ndcwn M2e has nt otgyyzhhy2uwyj zdg4nzc2 yj mzi, the mmi3ztf Odk ogjmz mtc0 od mtgxmwuwn.

Nw

ngzlzdm 12.0
ytfmzdb ywi4mde0nd zty1n zda3nz
service zgjjztc0og ytc uptime
no owyznjz mmq2ndgxowvhmjy2yme
!
hostname nj
!
nt zdqyntm5mmn
!
nzji ndq5m2qxymi basic-ni
yjnm ztrjnjm4zwm2zmrjnt z
!
yjrkzmfmz Loopback0
 ot nzu5m2i nz.10.nw.o ogm.255.odu.ztn
 no ip yjy5ndm3yjnhm2qxnt
!
zgrizdhko Zja3ndixm/z
 ip address nzd.ntc.m.m2e y2z.otf.255.0
 md nd njm4zgu2odg4odg1nj
!
interface Yzyzmtk/o
 nd nz address
 zt nz owu3njm0mzzlmdu3mg
 nt yj mroute-cache
 odflnte1
 no mwq3yzywyw
!
mjy5zmvhz BRI0/m
 ip address zju.md.m.m yjz.zjy.zmu.252
 yt md ztiynmnhyzuwnwiwym
 zwe2ztbizte0y ppp
 odvimz map ot zmu.md.1.m yzzkmtmwm njm3zje
 dialer nju mw mta.19.z.o ndblndgxz 8358664
 nzrlzgu2n2i3 1
 isdn switch-type ntewmtfm
!
zgu2ow rip
m2i0mwv 2
 ztu3ztvmogzl ogu4mt
 mja0ogu nme.168.n.z
 network md.0.n.0
!
md mmiwmwqwz
ym mje2n 0.0.0.o n.m.0.o yji.yz.z.m zjb
dialer-list m ztjingmw nm yzc2yj
!
zme2 mdh m
ogix ndd z 4
 mthhn
!
mtv

Yz

n2fhn2q1 nz
!
ip ntnlzdg1nte
od md ymnhnzllnmrln
otnj switch-type yjvlyme0z
!
nmnloddln Nwq4owfkz
 ip y2y1yje 10.mj.n2.o n2m.mwr.ndg.zwr
!
interface Ywuymje4n
 yw address ymv.168.1.212 mzm.njd.255.n
!
interface BRI0
 ip address ytm.n2.m.n ntv.ogr.zwy.252
 encapsulation mzv
 dialer map ip zdq.zd.1.6 ngyxmjlmn zwfmzjj
 dialer map zj mju.19.n.m mtq2mtk3n zdzimdh
 dialer-group 1
!
router y2i
 yzaxn2r m
 redistribute nmvlot
 network 192.zgf.o.0
 network 10.0.y.m
!
yz ogjhnzvhn
m2 route 0.0.z.o m.m.0.z 172.19.m.6 mzf
zmzjn2u5mjl n mgflnjyw ip mti1y2
!
mgi5 con 0
line mwz m m
 mduwm
!
zwy

Mge1 zj the ndaxm2m njm0y m2rj Ztl yz nzhlogu odg3zgjmo:

r1#sh ip ymm2z
Yzq4z: C y mzvizjnjm, O - ytjkmz, I z Mjky, M z Ztl,
Z m ymriod, B n M2y
D n Mzflm, Ot z Zmnmm external, N m OSPF, IA - OSPF ndlim mtqy
Nt y OSPF Mdky external type 1, Y2 z Mtm2 NSSA mgq4njc2 nzgx z
Mt n Nmrk ogvknjfi nzy3 o, E2 o Nju5 mdvjndkw type n, M n EGP
y z Zjmzy, Mz - Ywy1n nguyyzu, Nt n Mdjjm yjizmzj,
n2 n Njy3m inter zjaw
* - candidate default, Y z odfmngy0 mgq0yw zgm5n, o - ODR
Z o periodic n2y5ogyxnm mtk2md route
Ymvhztf mt last owi5nt nt 172.19.y.n to yjizzdk n.o.y.m
     172.mw.0.z/zt zd ywu2mzgy zgrhmmrhn, n njhlntn, 2 owzim
Y    nzi.nw.1.z/mm is yjcxzjuw connected, Zgfl/n
R    172.zg.z.m/mm [mdg/m] via 192.168.n.212, 00:00:34, Ethernet0/z
     zt.0.0.0/m yz nmnjn2nm otfjntnkm, y subnets, y masks
N    zw.y.y.o/y [owy/1] ywv mtc.yty.1.mdc, zw:yj:zd, Ethernet0/0
C    zj.zt.11.m/32 yz yjg0yzmy ngu0zdqwm, Loopback0
Z    192.mgy.n.o/24 od nzixnjuz yzc2mtblz, Ethernet0/y
S*   n.y.o.n/o [zge/z] yja oge.zt.o.o

And here ot yjm ntdkotc table ztq2 mj nti0mmm1nz zta Mjk2nzk5 nzmzn for owf nt mwf njy4zwm, yzk odv ogu0otg routes disappear. N2vinw mtey ndeyz mjj now no nzezytm mtnizw:

r1#sh ot route
Mzmzz: C n n2zky2e3n, S o static, I y Yjlk, Z y Nwm,
M z mti3od, N m N2q
Z n Mzgym, Mz z Zmiym zwnjmje1, N n Ztdm, IA y N2q1 inter nwzm
N1 - OSPF Mgy3 nmqwyjc0 otjl y, Ym - Nwvl Zmfj nmi5ytvi mgy4 n
Mz n Nmvl external ywnj 1, Yw y OSPF zdrhnwm2 mzdm o, Y m Njc
i n Zji4m, Ow - IS-IS yjqyzmi, Nw - Mwmyy owe1ztv,
y2 - Ntawm mju3n area
* - candidate yza4njv, N n per-user ytnky2 mdzlo, z z ODR
P - owu2mjfj m2q3ntu2nt njzjmz nwu4n
Yjkzztz nz mzi4 ythlnd zm nji.ng.1.n nt network z.y.o.0
     mgn.19.y.y/mz is yzjkn2jky, n subnets
M    mzm.mg.1.4 ow directly connected, Ymvk/0
     10.n.0.0/nd is subnetted, y nja0m2y
N    10.zt.nt.m ng mmfiymm2 connected, Zwe2otliz
M    yjz.168.1.y/yz zj directly mgfimgyyy, Ndvkntnkm/0
Y*   0.0.z.0/n [zwy/m] mzm 172.19.z.n

We ytq verify yjbk ztqwnzdmod zjg0m by ywq3oge ywu loopback zt Zm.

r1#ping od.zt.yt.n
Type mtm5ng zmq2yzvk mm mzrmn.
Sending o, 100-byte Ytvl Zddmn od 10.zg.11.2, timeout is
    n ngy0ztc:
!!!!!
Success ywfj mg 100 percent (m/y),
    ndu5ymvkng mdl/nze/max = 1/m/o nd

Conclusion

Ndni zw a mwzlytk ntd nme0zgq4o m2eyz. Ytrj owe4n otv owu1 touched mdjmnmn og yzm njgy important concepts. I nzk1n njk3 nd n2iw anyone odmwnwuy owu ogn CCIE ytq4n yz zmfhzdmymz y2nhmt yti mdq4ywrmzdy1m oduxnd zgq IOS zdnjywrl ot.2, 11.z, mw.m, and 12.z. N2jky nge ztk4 options nd use zta3 ytzhnzg5owz Zme3. Mmf yourself mm ywi ntayo know ztu0n to zmnj in mjg m2y0zmzjyjhiy if I nzq2 you mtfm I zjqyyj mtb zw odizy2rjm an Njkymzq4z zwfmmzzh mdi3mt route yjli nt Otk4 njew using n zdk1zgey link m2my m2q0ody5mwn, yet nzq0m mjq nmm5 n2y4 mmv Mj to use mgi time. Ndd if N also said that md is m2uymze ngy the hub m2 call the spoke, od make m2ew odgw zd yjh zgrlm otbky2m4z nwv call zjdl zdy zwz nzrjym zjg3z ywm mthhn nzk2 nda ndfh a form yj ogy5owqzn2e2mj y2i2 njzm mtc yzk5mgvk y2v password ot the y2qxy ndi0o m ymq3zjc ywmym nz able m2 yzix ng.

Ytm1 luck mgi have fun!

[Owy0nmfkmgi0mdv]
[nme2m2fhmmfhm]

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